Pollution Allowances Is A Market Based Economy Policy Accounting Essay

Pollution allowance is besides called as emanation rights. This construct is foremost introduced by John Davis in 1968 in the book â€Å" pollution, belongings and monetary value † ( Opschoor, Lohman and Vos, 1994 ) . It refers to the emitters in environmental protection supervising and disposal sections ‘ quota allotment, and in the premiss to guarantee that the rights do non damage the other public environmental rights, shall bask the right to the discharge of pollutants ( Gibson, 1996 ) . In 1968, when the American economic expert Davis foremost proposed this construct, its intension is the authorities as society ‘s representative and the proprietor of the environmental resources sells the right of emanation of pollutants to the highest bidders like securities ( Gibson, 1996 ) . Polluters can purchase this sort of right from the authorities, or from the defilers who have the emanation right. Polluters can besides purchase or reassign the ownership of emanation r ight. 1.2 characteristic of pollution allowances Pollution allowances is a market based economic system policy and economic stimulation method ( Gainesand, 1991 ) . It to the full exerts the market mechanism ‘s function in resource allotment. The features of pollution allowances are chiefly manifested in the undermentioned facets: First, a pollution allowance is an economic policy and economic stimulation method. The United Nations economic organisations and development liberty council in 1991 January proposed â€Å" proposal of utilizing economic agencies in environmental policy † and suggested members more extensively and steadfastly to follow economic steps, as other policies means complement or replacing ( Aggie, 1995 ) . This proposal put frontward four types of economic methods for mention: the first is the fees and a revenue enhancement, the 2nd is a tradable license ; the 3rd is sedimentation system ; the 4th is fiscal subsidies ( OECD, 1998 ) . From the proposal can see pollution allowance is a sort of economic methods to protect the environment. In 1992 The United Nations conference on environment and development passed the Rio declaration, the rule 16 points out â€Å" sing defilers shall bear the cost of pollution in rule point of view, national governments should do more attempts to advanc e the internalisation of environment cost and use of economic agencies, and proper attention of public involvement, and do non falsify international trade and investing. † The meeting passed the docket 21, in which chapter 8 stresses â€Å" need to do appropriate attempts, more efficient and more extended usage of economic agencies † ; â€Å" Governments should see roll uping agencies of economic system and the market mechanism to set up the effectual combination of economic agencies†¦ , direct control method and the voluntary agencies ( Lehman, 1996 ) . This symbolizes that pollution allowance is wholly different from other environmental economic policies. Second, pollution allowance is a market-based pollution control manner. U.S. federal legislative acts provides a sort of â€Å" market control † manner to utilize market mechanism to forestall pollution and waste decrease marks ( Milne, 1996 ) . The cost of pollution externalization frequently causes societal equity and low economic efficiency, the market control manner is through pollution cost allotment alteration to better efficiency and equity, its get downing point is to take the pollution cost as a cost of merchandise, instead than allow it ascribe to the society. The Clean Air Act 1990 in amendments proposed system of emanation trade is a sort of typical market-based pollution control manner ( OECD, 1993 ) . Now this form more altered to the development of market economic system, so besides progressively used by authoritiess. Third, pollution allowance is by supplying ways and means to better the efficiency of the cost of administration pollution, application signifiers of economic levers to mobilise the enthusiasm of pollutant discharging endeavors, in order to recognize the pollutants cuts for the intent. It is a sort of specific and runing theoretical account, non straight reflected in its environmental aims, but to accomplish aims and supply ways and agencies ( Cook, 2009 ) . Pollution-discharge right trade can utilize the entire sum control make policy execution conditions, give full drama to the flexible economic stimulation map, do up and rectify entire sum control itself low efficiency job because of â€Å" command – control † ( Lohamann, 2009 ) . Theoretical survey and pattern show that, compared with concentration control, entire sum control, particularly capacity sum control, is the effectual step to protect the environment capacity of resources.2. Accounting intervention of pollu tion allowances2.1 accounting intervention of pollution allowances As environmental direction alterations from concentration control to entire sum control, at nowadays for environmental pollution fee besides changes from originally pollutants exceeds charge to emanation charges. Chemical and papermaking industries paid blowdown will increase more 30 % – 80 % than the original, thermic power industry ‘s paid blowdown will better about 10 times ( Aggie, 1995 ) . For pollution emanation endeavors, environmental policy is an endeavor ‘s of import economic policy, implement a policy measures taken, and its related assets, liabilities, income and contemplation control is besides more and more by the authorities, the society and the endeavor concerned. At present in the endeavor accounting system still merely at direction disbursals ‘ item undertaking â€Å" pollution fees † check endeavors ‘ paid blowdown. This pattern defects are as follows, foremost, because the authorities is charged pollution fees harmonizing to à ¢â‚¬Å" who pollute pay the fees † rule, such charge policy can non efficaciously motivate endeavors to actively command pollution and cut down emanations, the whole society can non recognize the sustainable development ends ( Opschoor, Lohman and Vos, 1994 ) . Second, because the environment ‘s limited pollution suiting ability and the scarceness nature of pollutants dismissed power, enterprises existent pollution emanation right shall be reflected as the endeavor resources in accounting statements, should non be used as fees. Third, from tradable emanation in the universe, some endeavors already join the sub undertakings or specific countries of pollution-discharge right trade program, in the world of pollution-discharge right trade for its comparative slowdown of the accounting criterion, and hapless maneuverability, brings trouble to the endeavors to reflect and command trading affairs needfully, and impact the accounting information determination utility. 2.2 development of emanation trading Emission trading is a sort of method to pull off and command pollution, is based on the market. The execution of emanation right by and large is done by the environmental administrative sections under the selected restricted country or within sections, which design limited emanations and cap-and-trade plan, to give emitters ‘ quota ( Gainesand, 1991 ) . The competent sections harmonizing to the achieved decrease ends lessening quota twelvemonth by twelvemonth. This provides trading platform for emanation right. Emission trade thought is derived from â€Å" Kose theorem † , every bit long as the market dealing cost is zero, no affair what the initial belongings constellation position is, through the dealing can accomplish the optimum allotment of resources ( Aggie, 1995 ) . Emission trading is foremost used by the us federal agency in air pollution and river pollution direction, particularly since in 1990 it was used in entire SO2 emanations control, has achieved the unprecedented success, has achieved great economic benefits and societal benefits. Harmonizing to the entire U.S. accounting house estimates, American emanations are evidently controlled, at the same clip, the cost of pull offing pollution is saved by about 2 billion dollars ( Lehman, 1996 ) . Germany, Australia, UK and other states in turn conduct emanation portion trade policies and patterns. Already officially effectual Kyoto protocol besides proposes that from 2008, states can carry on emanation trading ends. The European Union has launched â€Å" waste gas emanation trading system † , seeking to utilize market economic agencies, use the â€Å" unseeable manus † to force European endeavors to take part in the procedure of nursery gas emanation decrease. The EU ‘s â€Å" exhaust emanation trading market † is the first international emanation trading market. The European committee harmonizing to â€Å" the entire control, divide the load † rule foremost identified each member C emanations, once more by each member assigned to the several national endeavors. As for allotment manner, each member authorities should apportion at least 95 % of quotas free to endeavors ; the staying 5 % quota can be adopted bidding manner ( IASB, 2010 ) .3. Accounting issue of pollution allowances3.1 verification of pollution allowance Emission right as a production factor is scarce and valuable, besides has the possibility of appreciation income ( Milne, 1996 ) . Harmonizing to the recognized accounting patterns, assets are defined as a consequence of past events and formed by endeavor control, and is expected to bring forth economic benefits to the endeavor resources. International accounting standard 38 â€Å" intangible assets † defines emanation right is granted by the authorities, and it is a specific signifier of the franchise right. As for the confirm scope job of intangible assets of pollution-discharge right, how to reasonably and rightly allow the initial emanation quotas to endeavors is a trouble. Western states in pattern the initial emanation rights ‘ allotment methods normally include bide, administer freely and fixed monetary value sell these 3 sorts. In position of the differences of pattern, in order to reliably step emanation trade value, accounting merely confirms the emanation righ ts through understanding mode transferred or purchased. When the active pollution-discharge right trade market is bit by bit formed, authorities freely distributed pollution-discharge right can be besides confirmed as intangible assets in the engagement. 3.2 measuring of pollution allowance â€Å" Quota emanations and cap-and-trade program † will configure the participating topic ( participants ) emanations and cut their emanation quota to a certain degree ( viz. quota ) ends ( Cook, 2009 ) . By and large the quota granted by competent authorities sections to the participants is equal to the figure of the bound. â€Å" A bound emanations and cap-and-trade program † set the operation clip is a twelvemonth, and an execution of quotas normally is granted during the period to participants ( Lohmann, 2009 ) , by and large after the execution verify the existent emanations. Participants can freely purchase or sell emanation quotas, hence, the participants have three picks: can restrict its emanations ; can cut down their emanations below the quota and sell portion of them ; can bring forth more than its bound emanations, in this instance they must buy the exceeded portion emanations quota and bear the penalty. Participating endeavors should in the beginning of e ach program confirm achieved emanation. After the execution of programs, the participants are asked to pay the existent emanation quotas. If the participants can non present the adequate quotas, so must defy higher penalty. Participants held emanation quotas shall be entered an point in an history as intangible assets, and the attesting value is the existent payment. When participants ‘ emanation occurs, the already happened emanations quota duty is recognised as a liability. Should pay attending, emanation quotas ‘ obtain do non make net assets or net liabilities. 3.3 revelation of emanation trading About emanation trading fiscal place, runing consequences and hard currency flows information, participants should first study emanation quotas in the balance sheet ( Aggie, 1995 ) . Due to take part in emanation program, doing some assets expected generated hard currency flow cut down, and the damage of information shall be disclosed. Second, more information is disclosed in off-balance-sheet, including corporate revelation of the purchase and sale of pollution-discharge right trade volume and the measure. At the same clip reflecting emanation of the market monetary value alterations, and endeavors ‘ emanation trading fluctuant circumstance, this information for constructing a successful effectual pollution-discharge right trade market is really necessary. Held emanation quotas may be farther subdivided into initial awarded quotas and subsequently in the trading market purchase quota, harmonizing to the different sorts of pollution index cleavage. If a company held emanation q uotas is more than initial allotment measure, this explains endeavors in emanation market purchase emanation right.4. Significance of pollution allowanceSince Emission trade is put frontward in 1960s, particularly in 1990 it is used in SO2 field, has won great economic benefits and societal benefits. But as for the current emanation trade consequence and intending even the most successful American in pattern at that place have different sentiments. In the United States, such as New Mexico senator Minnixi calls it as â€Å" 1980s the most promising scenario † ( Aggie, 1995 ) . China ‘s many bookmans besides think, compared with traditional environmental direction manner, the broad application of market thought, will be more effectual to cut down pollution emanations. And some bookmans but think this sort of environmental direction agencies is non every bit perfect as imaginativeness. For illustration the American natural resources protection association of attorneies, th e federal agency of air pollution ‘s former manager in 1986 conversation regarded this policy as a â€Å" cozenage † to let companies to increase pollution. At the same clip emanations ‘ trading in China is besides criticized by many bookmans, they think this policy is merely to copy the western jurisprudence, in China it has non wholly the possibility to win. I think that sufficient and sensible scene and building of pollution-discharge right trade market system can advance China ‘s air pollution and H2O pollution bar and control work and it is an of import manner of sustainable development. In the hereafter whether China ‘s air and H2O environment protection can acquire more advancement depends on whether signifier the existent significance of pollution-discharge right trade market, it non merely has economic value, more greatly environmental value. In Summary, the significance of emanation trading chiefly include the undermentioned facets: to cut th e whole societal cost, efficaciously better the efficiency of pull offing pollution ; to advance companies ‘ invention, better pollution engineering ; to organize economic development and environment protection to heighten international fight ; to better the quality of environment enforcement.DecisionIn the decision that pollution allowances represent assets that should be reported on the balance sheets of companies entitled to such allowances. Emission trade development makes the research on emanation trade accounting issue has of import realistic significance. This paper analyzes emanation of initial acknowledgment and measuring, and concluding revelation and so on a series of accounting jobs.

My Favorite Dish Essay

My Favorite Dish Most of us have a certain type of favorite dish, but my favorite dish is seared steak with a garlic glaze. I love this dish because it reminds of that time my cousin told me about it and described it. Ever since he told me I always wanted it to try it. I couldn’t try the dish because he didn’t know the name of it and so I couldn’t try it out in some other restaurant or make it myself. The only way I had to try it was to go where he lives and he lives out of state, I had to wait a few months to taste it. That made me want to try it even more. 2 years ago my dad came home from work with very good news he told my family that we were going to spend Christmas with my family in Bellevue, Washington. When I heard the good news I was so happy I was going to try the dish my cousin was telling me about. I was just counting the days to go, I remember it was December 15 we packed out stuff and went to Washington. The first thing we did was go out to eat and it was in that Restaurant in Bellevue I don’t really remember the name of it I just wanted to try the dish. The restaurant was located between Bellevue and Seattle. In the restaurant we got the got the menu and my cousin pointed at the dish and it was called Seared steak with garlic glaze. I didn’t really want to try it because of the garlic but I waited so long for this dish I had to try it. I got my dish and it looked weird but smelled so good. The garlic along with the spices it had on the glaze smelled so good was making me want to jump for it right away. The steak was hot and cooked well done and was about  ½ inch thick had good color to it the glaze was brownish looking. The glaze was covered with garlic cloves I made a weird face when I saw it. I took my first bite and I am not a fan of garlic but I loved it was so good, I said to myself all this wait was worth it that garlic taste mixed with some spices they used made it taste so delicious never have I tasted something like it. After Christmas we came back to Los Angeles California I was just  remembering the taste of seared steak I wanted to try to and make my own. I searched online and found a recipe and it seemed pretty easy and didn’t use that many ingredients. I went to the local super market by my house and had most of the ingredients it required, the only thing I couldn’t find was rosemary I think they had it I just didn’t know where to find it. I went home and luckily there was rosemary in the house. I seared the steak so it can be really dry and I seasoned it with salt, pepper and steak seasoning so it can have a good crust and cooked it in a cast iron skillet. The steak smelled good already so was time to make the glaze the glaze was really simple just some garlic beef broth and rosemary. My dish was done it didn’t take a long time it took me about 25-30 minutes. My dish didn’t come out as it looked back in the restaurant I think because my stake was a little thin then  ½ inch. I tried it and it didn’t really taste the same like the one in the restaurant didn’t have that good garlic flavor maybe in the restaurant they added some extra spices or secret ingredient. I would make this dish again but this time I would like to experiment and add more spices to the glaze or maybe make it a little spicy probably next time when I go to Bellevue Washington I should ask the chef what are the ingredients in making this wonderful dish. Next time I am probably going to make it with pork chops I think it will be pretty good maybe even better. I like my visit to Washington and going to that restaurant next time I will remember the name of it. I had fun in making this dish and I will try to make it as good as the one in the restaurant or probably even better. I will never give up!

Independent Study for November 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Independent Study for November 7 - Essay Example The significance of this poem is that Turner has removed the blame to the terrorists who fire the gun but instead, he blames the gun by making it responsible through personification. Yusef Komunyakaa’s poem â€Å"Facing It† is another military poem about a painful experience suffered by a Vietnam War veteran when he visited a Vietnam veteran Memorial. Komunyakaa uses the first person to create a symbolic setting of the memorial sculptures by drawing its physical properties. His descriptions create a ghostly reflection of the settings which has been clogged by his military experiences. The poem shows that the many survivors of the war come to a dead end upon visiting a memorial site. The military people are also taken to be unable to experience the present or the future without interference from the memories of the war. As such, they keep on grieving even when safe from the war. â€Å"The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner† by Randall Jarrell is a short poem which is filled with condensed brevity and shocking violence. This gives the poem a rather immediate and durable impact to the readers. This is partly due to the tittle of the poem depicting that it is written from the poem of view of the dead gunner. Jarrell paints an uncomfortable picture about his sympathetic situation by precise choice of diction. The gunner seems like a small child who has lost the comfort of his biological mother to land into the hand of the state. By alluring to paradox of ‘birth† and â€Å"death†, he is able to present the trauma undergone by gunners. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen is a poem which describes the general conditions of the military in war especially when attacked and presents the effects of such an experience through the eyes of a person who has lived through the experience. The poem depicts the soldier’s situation as utterly frightening and life-threatening when they are gas attacked and have to

Emerging Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Emerging Technologies - Essay Example Peer-to-peer file sharing is highly beneficial to all users and other potential users based on the intent of use. In this regard, installation of bitTorrent clients is simple, as so is the configuration of all computers on the sharing network. With this in mind, time is saved for purposes that are more constructive rather than spending extended periods working on it. In addition, all resources required for file transfer are shared amongst peers making the file transfer process efficient. This is due to the elimination of servers that store content and are more susceptible to failure, which inconveniences users (Rodrigues and Druschel 2010, p.72). For this reason, p2p allows users to continue functionally without influencing other users thus; is more reliable as compared to server based sharing. In addition, it is relatively cheap as compared to other networks due to the few resources required and elimination of additional hardware. ... Concerning business, p2p sharing can be used for intra-business collaborative project management, where participants in project share documents and personal files with one another. Non-commercially, it can be used for academic purposes to publish research works between and amongst scholars as is seen in the LionShare Project in the Pennsylvania State University (Federal Trade Commission 2005, p.5). In addition, persons or users who do not wish to charge for their content, such as musicians providing free, legal downloads or artists providing writing, art photography and other electronic content may use it. However, despite this, P2p networks are difficult to secure due to the numerous hops made by the network to reach the required files and pieces making it one of the main hurdles that the technology faces. Since p2p is widely implemented over the internet, it is relatively easy to break into using erroneous code responses at the application and network levels leading to denial of se rvice (Krebs 2009). In addition, attacks on the network could occur through where certain users would like to store information, maliciously on available nodes/ user computers against what is allowed. With this, p2p is vulnerable, and trustworthiness of files shared remains in question. In conclusion, the development of p2p has been in progress for a long time and is yet to achieve its ultimate intended goal. As a result, it is crucial to understand its working and problems behind it and by overcoming the stated challenges, the technology could advance greatly for large-scale legal use. Cloud Computing Abstract Cloud computing is a technology that

Sociological analysis for the most danderous job Coursework

Sociological analysis for the most danderous job - Coursework Example The two leading questions which come forward are: Lack of employment forces a mankind to take-up certain jobs that govern the risk of life. In order to make maximum benefit Institutions employ people who lack awareness and can do hardships with minimum wages Order theories focus upon the integrity of society e.g. Institutions but at the same time it implicates the inequality in the society. Institutions work in co-ordination, in a methodical and synchronized manner to meet the requirements of the society. It becomes the responsibility of the management and authorities of the slaughter house to provide an amiable, hygienic atmosphere. Keeping humanity as the sole basis of social norms. Although the socioeconomic conditions sometimes becomes our fate. The theory gives the deep insight into what are the most dangerous things a man can do to keep the society in balance. The order theory provides the right to seek the better, enhanced and yet a healthier life. Through education we can make things better for ourselves and also for our wards and family. Education not only brings higher grades in the social order but it gives a new orientation, awareness and better understanding for life.

Christian ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Christian ethics - Essay Example Since our culture and traditions changes through time and varies from different perspectives, the concept of moral relativism may be, in part, true and can really happen. For example, Christians believe in monogamy but Muslims’ marriage and family tradition is polygamous. The Christians belief is based upon what they believe is true and that is the Christian concept of a monogamous relationship or marriage. Christians believe that this is the correct partner and relationship practice because they believe in the teachings from the Bible. Muslims, on the other hand, also has different literature and context about marriage and family. What may be right for the Muslims, like in the example above, contradicts the beliefs of the Christians. And in this part of moral relativism, I agree. What may be wrong for me may be right for some individual with a contrasting cultural background that what I have. Within a certain culture, there are differing opinions and thoughts, also, about believing in tradition and cultural values. An example of this is the belief in traditional medicine. Though we have a science of medicine, many still believe in the healing capabilities of traditional medicine. This does not indicate, in any way, that traditional medicine is not right or not good for us. What it shows is that the preference of people vary from individual to individual because they believe in something that works for them, or works according to their own pragmatic reasons. The concept of morality is closely related to the concept of one’s own faith and belief. Once and existing belief of a person is shaken, he may look into the other side or his own argument to find a solution to his problem and to bring back the stability of his belief. This indicates that human beings believe in something they want to believe in because it serves their purposes. Going back to the example above, one may encounter a disease in which

Islam College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islam College - Essay Example In Islam, there are two dominant schools of thoughts. One school of thought agrees upon the concept of spiritual excellence through meditation and struggle for nearness of Allah; the other school of thoughts is strict about the worldly affairs and have narrowed the domain to worldly affairs and five pillars of Islam. The Sufi Islam has strong concept of Sacred Law - this law is between God and the follower. As per law, the Sufi has to maintain secrecy in his spiritual affairs, and matters compounding to identity and matters of God are kept private. It is also claimed that it is difficult to comprehend the power and spirituality of God, and therefore it remains beyond the scope of human understanding and intellect. The relationship between God and his follower is of affection and love, and is beyond any justification based upon intellectual topology. The human being with average spiritual status will probably fail to understand the expression and revelation of the Sufi. The Sufis have therefore gain unique status and repute in their society, and have been popular because of their uncommon and strange expressions towards divine authority. In Sufi Islam, there exists concept of mentor or guide also called Mursid. The Mursid is person who has achieved spiritual success, and has developed contact and affiliation with God. The followers of Mursid are called Mureed - the followers do not consider their Mursid as equivalent to God but for them the Mursid is passage towards spiritual divinity. The Mursid is respected and followed because of his spiritual affiliation and accomplishments by Mureed. Mursid shall never be confused with Prophets - rather the entity of Mursid is based upon his spiritual accomplishments and love for God. Nawawi is considered among the great Sufi scholar in Islamic world. According to Nawawi concept of Sufism is about maintaining close affiliation with God. The Sufis are individuals who have submitted their life towards God, and have spent their time, money, intellect and life for maintaining spiritual bond with the Supreme Lord. The five important actions contribute towards the spiritual marvels of the follower, and have been identified by Nawawi as 1. maintaining close spiritual affiliation with God with meditation and Zikr privately and publicly; 2. abide by the injunctions of Quran and Sunnah; 3. shun assistance from public and develop liaison with God for assistance and support, and believe that God will itself manifest source for help; 4. contentment is essential - and follower shall be satisfied with all bestowed upon by God; 5. seek assistance and guidance from God directly (Rafik12-34) The affection and love for God has been restricted to the observance of the fundamentals of Islam. The interpretation of Nawawi about Sufism is itself different - the intensity of love and affection has not been discussed. The Shiite concept talks about the intensity and seriousness of love, there bond between the God and follower is so deep rather the follower is above the entity of human being and is strongly concentrated with the qualities and characteristics of God - the purity, the spirituality and kindness. Dr. Chittick has discussed this expression of love and spirituality which was possessed by Rumi. It is claimed that Rumi was probably among the few who reached the climax of their spiritual journey. Sufism has been regarded

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of an Historian's Arguement - Essay Example The Rabbinites based a legal and religious system on the Talmud, which is a practice that continues to the modern day. It is the socio-cultural and political relationship between these two sects that Marina Rustow surveys in her in her historical work Heresy and the Politics of Community1. Her scholarship about marriage in particular shows that arranged-type marriages demonstrate a series of strategic maneuvers to accomplish the goals of families, regardless of religious affiliations. In many ways, and through many primary sources, Rustow shows the Jewish marriage practice at the time to be very much a business-like decision, with rights, legal proxies, and contracts2. Rustow’s extensive details of the marriages between members of the two communities demonstrates broad yet through historical scholarship, and will leave a lasting impact on how the historians view the relationship between the Rabbinites and Qaraites. Rustow’s conclusions give us reason to change our perception of the Rabbinites and Qaraites as socially competing or mutually exclusive. Marriage, a cohesive factor bringing people legally and spiritually together, seemed to soften the boundaries between â€Å"Rabbanite† and â€Å"Qaraite† such that the two categories were neither absolute nor mutually exclusive. She gives the example of Yosef who became a Rabbanite, to, as she says, â€Å"in order to facilitate his transition to the Jewish community in Fustat†3. This anecdote suggests that the lines between Qaraite, which is the community Yosef had grown up a part of, and Rabbanite, the community that he ultimately joins to transition into the Jewish community, were not as starkly opposed as is traditionally thought. In fact, it may be said that instead of treating each other as theological and political enemies, the two groups depended on each other financially and socially for support. In the chapter o n marriages, Rustow makes this clear by investigating and commenting on the extent to which

Summary on Do Animals Have Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary on Do Animals Have Culture - Essay Example No matter how much mistreatment a dog receives from his master, the dog does not mind so much and still shows his loyalty. I managed a boarding house before and the owner left without picking up his dog. The dog, which I didn't pay attention much to - except to expect it to guard my house - grew up without as much food from me. Home from my classes each night, I would find him there at the gate faithfully waiting for me to come home, no matter how late it was. It was as though his life was not complete without me going home. This dog has taught me compassion for others and kind regard for those I did not expect anything from. I left my home for three days and when I came home finally, I was surprised not to find him. Calling and calling out his name, I got alarmed and felt that something may have happened. In a corner among the grasses, I found him gasping for his last breathe. It was like he had answered to his name when I called as he wagged his tail a little. Finally, he died. For quite a while, I mourned as though a part of me died, too. I do not think I would have an experience as profound as I had with this dog. His world is different and yet we were able to strike up a master-slave relationship.

What is e-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is e-commerce - Essay Example In the last decade, with the growing popularity of the internet and more people having their own personal computers, the market for e-commerce is outstanding. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Today most major retail stores have a virtual store as well, making it even easier for their customers to access their products. E-commerce was first developed in the nineteen seventies as a way for businesses to electronically send information to one another in a faster and more efficient way. With the introduction of the Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) and Electronic Data Exchange (EDI) businesses were able to send documents like purchase orders and invoices electronically from one facility to the next. In nineteen seventy nine "online shopping was invented in the United Kingdom by Michael Aldrich and during the nineteen eighties it was used extensively particularly by auto manufacturers such as Ford, Peugeot-Talbot, General Motors and Nissan" (Seybold). It is believed that the reason why e-commerce has grown so quickly since its first invention in the nineteen seventies is because it is efficient and makes transactions more simple and accessible to everyone. Since it's first introduction e-commerce continued to grow. "From the nineteen nineties onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing" (Graham). The ERP software allowed businesses to store and retrieve information in real time, making online purchases more secure for both the customer and the seller. This "modular software design should mean a business can select the modules they need, mix and match modules from different vendors, and add new modules of their own to improve business performance" (Graham). Data mining is a process that transforms data into information and can be particularly helpful in detecting fraud and keeping online purchases safe while at the same time providing useful marketing information to companies about a consumer's interests. With the invention of this new process, people felt more secure purchasing items and services online because they knew that their financial infor mation would be safe. The results of data mining can help companies market their products to a specific customer group. "Based on the collections on data mining, data warehouses were intended as large-scale collection, storage, and staging areas for corporate data. Data could be retrieved from one central point or data could be distributed to 'retail stores' or 'data marts' that were tailored for ready access by users" (Frieden). Along with the invention of the EFT and EDI these three new processes are what ultimately propelled e-commerce into what it is today. The main concern for the future of e-commerce is the continued security of customers and making sure that transactions remain private. Even though online transactions are growing in number and popularity everyday, many analogists believe that e-commerce is heading for a fall. Consumers find it easier to bargain shop online, then they do shopping in physical stores. It is easier to do because all that is required is a simple click of the mouse, but a negative side affect to the opportunity for consumers to buy online is that many companies will go out of

The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery Essay Have you ever imagined being killed for winning a lottery? In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the author does an outstanding job describing the main character, the plot, and the theme. The character Tessie Hutchinson in this story makes the reader feel as if he or she is a part of the plot. Additionally, the plot of this story is very surprising and unexpected. Jackson does a really great job writing the story, and in the end it is very easy to think about a theme. Certainly, â€Å"The Lottery† is a perfect example of a story combining an interesting plot, good characterization, and a clear theme. Tessie Hutchinson starts out being a regular citizen of the village and ends up being the main character; ultimately, she is killed. First, she is described as: â€Å"an old house woman.† This tells the reader that she probably works all day and is very tired. Next, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. This tells us that she is exhausted and doesn’t really care about the lottery. In the end, she â€Å"wins† the lottery as Mr. Summers announces: â€Å"It’s Tessie!† Winning the lottery means being killed, and this is exactly what happens to Tessie. The subtle increasing of the level of importance of Tessie throughout the story made it more interesting to read. The plot of this story was surprising and unexpected at the same time. In the beginning, the scene is described as: â€Å"Clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day.† Ironically, this makes the reader think this is going to be a positive story. Later, we shockingly find out that: â€Å"Someone’s life is going to be over.† This clearly tells us that someone is going to die in this story. Finally, in the end Tessie screams: â€Å"It’s not fair, it isn’t right!† Lastly, the story ends and we then know that Tessie has been killed. These three significant changes that transpire during the plot make it a more compelling story. The theme of this story is to never relax until you are completely safe. A good example is Tessie. For her, it starts out being: â€Å"a normal summer morning.† Then, throughout the story her predicament completely changes. Later on, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. Her husband asks: â€Å"Why were you late?† and she simply says that she had forgot. Lastly, she finds out that she is the winner of the lottery as Mr. Summers says: â€Å"It’s Tessie.† This means that she is the one that is going to be killed out of all the citizens of the village. After reading this story, there is one more thing to learn. This is the theme, life lesson, or moral that has just been outlined. In this story, Shirley Jackson does an outstanding job of having an interesting plot, using characterization, and including a clear theme. I really enjoyed reading this story because it was different from most stories I have read before. I like this type of story because the surprise in the end is not expected and you don’t understand it until you finish reading the whole story. This is a fine example of experiencing a result that you definitely didn’t expect. So now, be careful the next time you take part in a lottery!

Argon Oil: Benefits, Production and Exportation

Argon Oil: Benefits, Production and Exportation The Argon oil has become one of the tremendous most expensive oils in the world. It is as expensive as some cosmetics and is the subject of several patents in Morocco. This oil which is the source of income for residents of South-West of Morocco for centuries has been a renewed interest in the various discoveries of their important culinary virtues, cosmetic and medicinal uses. During this last decade, it has generates a significant evolution in the market, especially for its high quality. National development agencies and international and local cooperatives of argon oil which are Non Governmental Organizations (ONGs) have played a vital role in this expansion market of Argon by achieving primary objectives in order to improve the incomes of local people and conservation argon forest. Origin and traditional method of Argon Oil The origin name of Argon tree called Argania Spinoza is known by the one of the oldest trees in the world wide and the only place in the world where it still grows is in Southwest Morocco between Essaouira and Agadir. Moroccos liquid gold, the argon oil is excerpted. Approximately, twenty five million years ago, this tree developed into a specialist for like desert. Especially in dry regions, its life expectancy is in the mid two hundred years. However, epitome has already been found that are up to four hundred years old. Today, only thirty million trees are still left in Southwest Morocco, almost, an area of only eight thousand square meters, the argon tree has died out worldwide. Trials to establish the tree in other countries have remained unsuccessful. Scientists believe that the unique combination of Atlantic climate, desert and soil climate are what the argon trees need to survive. For the local Berbers is in fact, a tree of life. It supplies the families with virtually everything that they need fallen wood as fuel and fruits as food for the animals and the argon oil as high quality food and for traditional applications. The Argania Spinoza is perfect for a rough environment, subsisting heat, drought and poor soil. But It is rarely known outside Morocco, so many Moroccans themselves have never heard of it because it grows only in the south-west of the country in an area covering 700,070-900,000 hectares. Probably, within the area where the argon is about twenty two million trees which play a vital role in the food chain and the environment, though their numbers are declining. This tree is thorny and can reach heights of eight until ten meters, probably originated in Argana, north-east of Agadir .It lives longer than the olive and dont need cultivation. The leg of the argon is often twisted; often the goats clamber to find they needs and feed on the leaves and fruit. The fruit has a green, Greasy exterior like an olive. Inside, there is an extremely hard shell, which in turn contains one, three or four almond in form of shaped kernels. That why goats eat the fruit, the adipose part is digested but the nut remains. Finally the nuts are collected by farmers at the end to produce oil. The production of argon oil, which is still mostly done by traditional methods, is a lengthy process. Each nut has to be cracked open to remove the kernels, and it is said that producing one liter of oil takes 20 hours work. Argon oil is a bit darker than olive oil, with much reddish tinge. That can be used for cooking and is recommended to have various medicinal properties, like lowering cholesterol levels, help for stimulating circulation of blood in human body also strengthening the bodys natural defenses. Internationally, there is some interest in its possible cosmetic uses. The relic that we gained from the kernels after oil extraction is chocolate color paste called Amlou in Berber which is served as a dip for bread at breakfast time in Berber households. It flavor is similar to that of peanut of butter. The nut shells of the argon tree are used for cooking; the wood is also used decoratively in some of the edible boxes which are made in Agadir. The roots of the argon tree grow deep in search of water, helping to bind the soil and wearing away. The most families make their own argon oil in one purpose for general cooking. The problem is expensive to buy; others may use it more sparingly flavoring salads. A few of them drops stirred into couscous just before serving give it a expensive. The production of argon oil is still basically a cottage industry, certainty managed by women. The most of people believe that the oil became very known that can provide more employment in the region as well as improving the environment. They are sold in Bottles along the roadsides in Berber village, but are difficult to tell if they are authentic. The oil remain a high price, sellers are often tempted to dilute it with cheaper oils. Press-extraction Nowadays, we conclude increasing in important for oil produced for sale, as the oil will keep twelve until eighteen months and extraction is much faster. The use of mechanical presses, mixing of the dough and water is unnecessary and the dough can be directly pressed. All other steps remaining unchanged, the oil is obtained in about 43% yield that calculated from the kernels, only two hours are needed to get one liter of oil that preserves correct Solvent-extraction Laboratory and industrial objectives that argon oil can be produced from ground kernels by using any volatile lipophilic solvent and after evaporation of this latter, and one until three cycles of extraction, the oil is obtained in fifty to fifty five percent of yield. This type of extraction furnishes oil with unsatisfactory organoleptic properties compared to the traditional or press extraction; its exclusively prepared for one purpose like beauty. Argon oil has very good reputation for natural agent that nourishes the skin and prevents aging, so it is naturally contain rich in antioxidants, essential greasy acids, carotenoids, frolic acid, sterols, and polyphenols and contains a high concentration vitamin D. Argon Oils contains aquiline, a component that is rarely used in the treatment of cancers of the skin. The Components of this Oils that provide the skin and body with the nutrients they need to maintain their health and shine. Its traditionally, used for treating skin, hair and nails, prevent cellulite, and to treat skin influences. Scientific research has discovered that this typical oil restores the skins lipid levels that can lead of development in the level of nutrients and oxygen to cells of the skin that protects the tissue this composition of chemicals explains the willingness of many laboratories to make the component of their best-selling output. Eighty percent of argon oil is unsaturated. It contains eight essential fatty acids, which are the main Omega 9 and 6 which means leonic acid. The most essential is omega six that contain fatty acids called full unsaturated. Essential fatty acids protect the integrity of cells and evaluate the fluidity of the cell, which contributes to prevent moisture fail from the skin. Benefits of Argon Oil: The argon oil has multi benefit for our human bodies in the cosmetic industry have an anti-aging skin care product, anti-wrinkle skin care products and makeup products, so here we can found the benefit of this typical oil: Argon Oil have many Benefits good for Skin, it was very popular skincare product Among Women. That can Helps in Reducing the Wrinkles the skin. It Has Also shown to wax the elasticity and Tightening of the skin. That includes regeneration of the skin by revitalizing the cell functions that requires early skin aging due to pollution, smoking and sun. The benefits of argon oil on health For the Skin Also include reduction of skin irritation and inflammation. If a person is suffering from acne or chicken pox scars, application of argon oil has been shown in order to decrease thesis Blemish. For examples pregnant women can apply to avoid the onset of stretch marks. Its used also for hydrating the skin, Neutralize free radicals, Treat acne, and eczema. We found most people suffering for brittle of nails so they can make nails so strong buy their application of argon oil. Crinkly under eyes can be reduced by using argon oil on the eye with or without using your regular skin cream. Mineral makeup tends to dry skin. Hair benefits of argon oil we can get rid to frizzy hair forever with just three drops of argon hair Applied to hair. Split ends can be preventing used for damaged hair can be restored. Those have many Benefits for hair also include providing year Remarkable shine to dull hair. It not only avoided damage due to hair styling and outdoor activities, the purpose to improve the elasticity and decrease hair fail due to severance. Due to argon oil human bodies have many Benefits are not only limited to skin, hair and nails, drank Also the internal body to health. It Known to sooth and Provide Relief from bread due to rheumatism and arthritis. Argon Oil Has a Positive Effect Against cholesterol and atherosclerosis. IT Help protect the cardiovascular system. It beneficial in case of burn injuries. Argan Oil Benefits and innumeracy are Scientifically Proved Malthus, making it one of the MOST out after oil. The drawbacks of the oil include high price, limited supply and Its comedogenic nature. It is good for Oily skin and psoriasis tend to view it clog the skin pores, making it prone to acne. Moroccan Women Have Been using argan oil for centuries as a cosmetic product great and you try May Safely sacrifice part of the Argon Oil Health Benefits for yourself. Production of argon oil (2010): Between June and August, the cooperatives in southwestern Morocco harvest the ripe fruit. The production of argan oil is a long process. For oil, argan nuts pass through a series of operations and transformations: The pulping of the fruit: dried pulp is separated from the nuts by crushing The breaking of the shell to remove the almond, the nut is opened using two stones For cooking oil, the almond roasting at low heat in the flat earth: this operation consists in evaporating water causes the destruction of saponins and other substances not restraining oil lipid emulsion in the cell sap dries up all the almonds to give them a nutty The crushing the nuts in a special grinding stone gives Argan oil and a paste; The mixing of the dough with a little warm water; Pressing the dough by hand: this operation gives Argan oil using traditional methods and a brown cake as residue. Finally, to make 1 liter of argan oil, it takes about 2 kg of kernels from 40 kg of fruit (a small annual production of ten argan tree) Argan Oil: International Ambitions Argan oil, a major social and economic According to the Department of Water and Forests, the argan tree (Argan oil) allows the livelihood of 3 million people in the south of the Kingdom. In addition, it provides 20 million workdays per year. Its operation is indeed an income generating activity and has always had a socio-economic function. But it is only since the 90s that the industry was structured through the establishment of women cooperatives specialized in the production of argan oil, whose numbers have multiplied over the years. According to figures provided by the stakeholders, there are currently in the region of Souss fifty argan oil cooperative, but only twenty are active. Of these, fewer than a dozen are mechanized. The area although changing, is marked by some failures. In general, cooperative production of argan oil are marked by poor management and marketing experience problems. 220.000 Ha in 2020 A production of 340,000 tonnes of oil Investment planned 6 billion DH ITS official. Morocco will produce much more olive oil and has the capacity to do so. Aziz is Akhannouch Minister of Agriculture, which confirms this. He said the program contract signed between the state and professionals in the olive sector, on the eve of Siam, is the planting of 540,000 hectares of olive trees to reach 1,220,000 ha in 2020 and a production of 340,000 tons of oil. The planned investment in this connection is 6 billion DH. An investment which shows that the olive branch with its achievements and constraints is one of the priority fields of Green Morocco Plan. In fact, the olive tree, symbolic of the agricultural landscape of Morocco covers an area of approximately 620,000 ha. Its culture is an important socioeconomic role in various agricultural areas of Morocco. Agricultural activity in this sector at the national level can generate 15 million work days, the equivalent of 55,000 permanent jobs and guarantee supply crushing units. For Noureddine Ouazzani, director of the olive AGROPOLE Meknes, the development of this culture for various strategic areas of economic development of our country (agriculture, industry, commerce, culture, tourism, environment, energy and health). Despite the importance of these elements, the average national production (70,000-80,000 tons of olive oil and 100,000 tons of table olives) does not reflect the potential of olive various agricultural areas of Morocco. This production of olive oil contributes only about 16% of the countrys deficit in vegetable oils. It should be noted that Morocco imports annually about 330,000 tons of edible vegetable oil worth about 2 billion dirhams. Exportation of argan oil: It is absolutely prohibited grain exports argan or at least tax them, as this reduces the competitiveness of the Kingdom, said the newspaper columns of Casablanca Zoubida Charrouf an academic long been involved in the sector. The paper stresses that the protection of the Moroccan production, be it almonds or oil which is extracted through the establishment of an appellation of origin because there are huge theft. But Charrouf is not alone in sounding the alarm. The Economist cites other professionals who lament that many countries are importing the almonds in Morocco to produce argan oil at home. Abroad, especially in Europe, we are left with oil made in different countries such as Tunisia, France, Spain and Israel, we read about it. It recalls in particular that Israel has planted a hundred hectares of argan in the Negev desert in 1984 and it seems he has become a preferred supplier of major cosmetic laboratories in northern countries. According to The Economist, the most blatant theft that nobody has responded, is the trademarking Argan by a company in the French National Institute of Industrial Property since 1983. Such protection, says it concerns the perfumery, cosmetics and hygiene. Thus, under current regulations, no one has the right today to market or use a mark containing the word Argan, the article notes. In addition to obtaining a geographical indication for argan oil, The Economist points out that the development of the industry and the preservation of Moroccan production also pass through the reforestation of argan forest, especially since the we recorded approximately 600 hectares lost per year and reduce the area could be achieved by 2007, between 32 to 42 per cent of the current estimated 800,000 hectares area. An effort is being undertaken in this area, including a reforestation program currently underway. Conclusion: As a conclusion, I can say that the boom that Argon oil is facing has made some families increase their wealth. Due to the development that this market is facing, some households are now storing more Argon fruit and considering it ascash from their houses. Now, because the price of Argon oil is increasing in weekly souks, so people more likely send their children to school, especially their daughters which were nit able to access to the education few years ago. However, the results of this survey show that households do not show a collective behavior of long-term maintenance of the forest as they continue to engage in aggressive techniques for collecting fruit (shaking down) and greater use softwood Argon oil for energy. Overgrazing aggravates the problem because the households benefiting from the boom argon continue to invest in goat farming very threatening to the argon forest. There are many organizations set by womens cooperatives which support the production of Argon oil. Those organizations help the economy improve and are good ways to advrtise not only the Argon Oil, but also give a good image of Morocco. However, the main problems hampering the proper functioning or sustainability of those cooperatives are the problems of good governance, illiteracy of the women members, competition from private companies, availability of raw material (argon fruit) and forest degradation. This last problem is the central axis of awareness sessions adherent at the cooperative. According to some observations and recommendations taken from a study done in 2008; the low availability of fruit production of argon in 2008 led to a dramatic increase in prices of all products of argon (fruits, nuts, and oil are amending). The emergence of a new market are amending demanding in terms of quality (through uncollected are amending the goats) is likely to reduce pressure on forest goats at the Agdal season (May-September). This new market trend has encouraged households to reduce the production cost by merely selling at the production price. The sale of argon oil is less profitable. However, this problem of availability of argon fruit has become difficult for cooperatives, so they do not have sufficient stocks of fruit. Given the importance played by cooperatives in the production value of argon oil through its accessibility to high-value markets (export) and in educating people on the interest of forest conservation .It is important to pay more attention to the development of cooperatives including through training of their leaders and women members and especially to protect them from competition from private companies through the certification of their products and research of marketing channels at the national and international levels(trade fair, large distributions, cosmetics and pharmaceutical companies, ). The Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) of argon oil recently formally requested by the AMIGHA under the new law 25/06 on the distinguishing marks of origin and quality would be very useful for improving the value of argon oil and especially for the protection of producers cooperatives of argon oil scam cons of private companies. Finally the most important challenge remains to change the perception of residents a vision for protecting trees in the short term in order to improve fruit production for the longer term vision for forest conservation. This will happen only if people become aware of the importance of having such a magic trees. The awareness can be done via the media,in souks, mosquesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Also at primary and secondary schools,special lectures regarding this subject can be done to young students. News: this year 2010 *Argon oil, the new gold of Morocco (January 28, 2010) Argon oil, the new economist Morocco, argon oil crop Morocco,: Some call it the new gold actually Morocco, argon oil. Berber women use it for generations as an ingredient for cooking or as a cosmetic product; today the European or American is gradually replacing their creams by this magic oil and 100% natural. On the websites that sell products *Preserving the Argon in Morocco (February 06, 2010) Morocco argon Arabic: Saving the argon tree in Morocco is a tree that tolerates harsh conditions to survive, but he too needs water, the argon tree, the species native to Morocco and which currently covers 10% of the forest area of Morocco, was the focus of the general assembly of the Mohammed VI Foundation for the preservation of this tree * Morocco King Mohammed VI chairs a council of minister in Tetouan (March 6, 2010) Med 6 tetouan, Cabinet Morocco 2010 Morocco Board minister 2010: At a cabinet meeting chaired by King Mohammed VI of Morocco in Tetuan, who are 73 texts were the order of the day in various fields. Draft laws, draft decrees and some thirty national agreements, all on very diverse topics as economic development and tourism Khenifra   9 projects scheduled in the town of Tounfit in 2010As part of the National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD) for the year 2009, 9 projects will emerge in the rural town of Tounfit (village of the Middle Atlas, central Morocco). Projects with a total cost estimated at 1.060 million dirhams, we learn from the provincial committee of human development Morocco Approval by a majority of the Finance Bill 2010Finance Act 2010 in Morocco,: With 69 votes for, 10 against and 27 abstained, the 2010 budget was passed by the House of Councilors in Morocco. The draft budget law for 2010, in Morocco, was adopted yesterday by a majority in the House of Councilors. The Minister of Economy and Finance. ICMD 1.3 million euros to fund 7 projects in Morocco adememaroc, participate in projects Morocco, argan trees VTS,: Under the Joint Initiative on Migration and Development (ICMD) driven by the EU and the UN, an amount of 1.3 million euros will be dedicated to funding for 7 projects in Morocco. This significant funding to Morocco, it is an envelope of 1.3 million euros has been earmarked by the European Union Bibliographie: http://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-124416.html

History of Mathematics

History of Mathematics 180 BC Hypsicles: Number Theory Hypsicles was born in 190 B.C. in Alexandria Egypt. He was a mathematician and astronomer. He wrote the â€Å"Anaphorikos† or â€Å"On the Ascension of Stars,† where he divided the Zodiac into 360 ° and used arithmetic progression, â€Å"a sequence in which each number increases by the same amount over the previous one† (O’Connor Robertson, 1999). He also wrote Book XIV of Euclid’s Elements, which was concerned with inscribing regular solids in a sphere (Hypsicles of Alexandria, 2008). Diophantus of Alexandria, writer of the Arithmetica, which was the most dominant number theoretic work of ancient times, explained properties of polygonal numbers and added a rule to get the nth m-agonal number, n [2 + (n 1) (m 2)]/2, which he credited to Hypsicles (Tattersall, 2005). The number theory, a branch of mathematics, is concerned with the study of the integers, and of the objects and structures that naturally arise from their study (Number Theory, 2004). References Hypsicles of Alexandria. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hypsicles_of_Alexandria.aspx OConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Hypsicles of Alexandria. Hypsicles biography. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Hypsicles.html Tattersall, J. J. (2005).Elementary number theory in nine chapters(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Number Theory. (2004, February 1). number theory | planetmath.org. Retrieved November 29, 2013, from http://planetmath.org/numbertheory 60 BC Geminus: Parallel Postulate Geminus was a Greek mathematician and astronomer, who thrived in the 1st century B.C. Nothing is known about his personal life, but his works suggested the possibility that he lived or worked on Rhodes. The Theory of Mathematics, which discussed the logical subdivisions of the mathematical sciences, was attributed to Geminus (Geminus, 2008). Geminus examined the principles behind concepts such as ‘hypothesis’, ‘theorem’, ‘postulate’, ‘axiom’, etc. and gave historical accounts of the development of the ideas (O’Connor Robertson, 1999). In addition, The Theory of Mathematics included some relevant criticism of Euclid’s postulates, specifically the fifth, the parallel postulate, for which, he supposed, he found a proof (Geminus, 2008). â€Å"The parallel postulate is Euclids fifth postulate: equivalent to the idea that there is a unique parallel to any line through a point not on the line.† (O’Connor Robertson, 1999) References OConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Geminus. Geminus biography. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Geminus.html Geminus. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830901609.html Cultural 100 BC Birth of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, one of the most influential and famous men in Ancient Rome, was born in July 12 or 13 100 BC in Rome and was killed during the Ides of March in 44 BC. He was a Roman general, a statesman, an orator, a lawgiver, and a historian, who transformed the Roman republic into the powerful Roman Empire (Julius Caesar biography, n.d.). The following are some of his achievements (Julius Caesar, n.d.): He never lost in war. He was the leader of the invasion of Britain in 55 B.C. He improved laws to benefit the people and made laws against the corrupt and unjust. He amended the Roman calendar, which is the one in use today He cleared up the system of the Roman republic and became the benchmark to future Roman emperors and European leaders References Julius Caesar biography. (n.d.). Bio.com. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/julius-caesar-9192504 Julius Caesar. (n.d.). Julius Caesar. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar.html 20 BC Virgil: Aeneid Publius Vergulius Maro, Vergil or Virgil in English, was born in October 70 BC, near Mantua in northern Italy. Virgil, one of the best Roman poets, is known for his works the Ecologues, the Georgics and the epic Aeneid. The Aenid is considered as the Roman’s national epic. Virgil started to write the epic that will summarize his ideal Rome when Augustus became the ruler. The story is about Aeneus, a Trojan hero, whose mission is to establish a new Rome. The Aeneid shows the earliest days and destiny of Rome (Virgil, n.d.). Virgil worked on the Aeneid for the remaining years of his life, but he died because of a fever in 19 B.C., leaving the epic unfinished. He wished for Aeineid to be destroyed, but the current ruler, Augustus ordered for it to be finished and published. The Aeneid appeared in 17 B.C. (Virgil, 2004) References Virgil. (2004, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404706635.html Virgil. (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/virgil.html 4 BC Birth of Christ Jesus Christ, also known as Jesus of Nazareth, was born in 4 B.C. He was the founder and center of Christianity, one of the most influential religions in the world. Only a little was known about the childhood of Jesus, but the four biblical gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John provide an account from his birth to his ministry (Jesus Christ biography, n.d.). References Jesus Christ biography. (n.d.). Bio.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/jesus-christ-9354382 Jesus of Nazareth. (2004, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404703308.html Jesus of Nazareth Biography. (n.d.). World Biography. Retrieved December 2, 2013, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/Ho-Jo/Jesus-of-Nazareth.html AD Mathematical AD 50 Negative numbers used in China Negative numbers are numbers that are less than zero. The concept of negative numbers started in China. Negative numbers were used in Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art of Jiuzhang Suanchu in solving systems of simultaneous equations. The suan chou (counting rods) method was done with the use of red rods for positive quantities and black rods for negative quantities (Negative Number, n.d.). The rules for signed numbers were also given. The Chinese contribution of negative numbers is very important since it completed the whole numbers and rational numbers. References Negative Number. (n.d.). Negative Number. Retrieved November 30, 2013, from http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2005-08/18/content_71977.htm AD 75 Heron: measurements, roots, surveying Heron of Alexandria, sometimes called Hero, is a Greek Mathematician and Engineer born in 10 A.D. Almost nothing is known about Heron’s personal life. Heron’s brilliance was shown in his writings in mathematics and mechanics. He wrote at least 13 books in his life covering topics such as geometry and mathematics, surveying, mechanics, pneumatics, automatic machines, war machines, optics and many more (Shuttleworth, n.d.). Metrica, a series made up of three books, concentrates on calculations of areas and volumes of bodies such as cones, cylinders, pyramids etc. The Hero’s formula, which stated the area of a triangle with given sides, A = sqr[s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] where s = (a+b+c)/2, was found in the Book I of Metrica (O’Connor Robertson, 1999). Heron used arithmetic to solve complicated quadratic equations arithmetically, estimated the square roots of non-square numbers, and calculated cube roots (Hero of Alexandria, 2008). Mensurae consists of details of the different tools for measuring. Dioptra contains practical and mathematical methods for land surveying (Heron of Alexandria, n.d.). References Hero of Alexandria. (2008, January 1). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404702942.html Heron Of Alexandria. (n.d.). Famous Mathematicians. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www.famous-mathematicians.com/heron-of-alexandria/ OConnor, J. J., Robertson, E. F. (1999). Heron of Alexandria. Heron biography. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Heron.html Shuttleworth, M. (n.d.). Heron of Alexandria A Beautiful Mind. Explorable. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://explorable.com/heron-of-alexandria

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay -- Health, Diseases, Stress

Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"That which does not kill us makes us stronger.†(Bailey, Eileen) While this is often the case, certain tragedies are simply too overwhelming for the body and mind to recover from. Instead of making one stronger, some things leave the human body weakened both emotionally and physically. When faced with gargantuan amounts of stress, some people have mental or emotional breakdowns resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder, commonly known as PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic or life threatening event that causes intense feelings of fear or helplessness. PTSD affects most people differently depending on the individual, but most of the symptoms are similar. These symptoms can be separated into three main categories: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and symptoms of hypervigilance.(Thomas 17) Re-experiencing symptoms include nightmares, upsetting memories, or painful flashbacks. After working on machines and tanks, many veterans who return home have associated the smell of diesel fuel with flashbacks of combat and gory battles. Avoidance behaviors are also common in PTSD patients. People often become frightened of everyday simple tasks because of trauma they have experienced. Some people are terrified to ride in cars because they have been involved in horrible car wrecks. Hypervigilance simply involves a person being alert or on edge at all times. (Thomas 18-21) PTSD can be caused by many different things but some of the common causes are war, terrorism, rape, a severe accident, or natural disasters. The National Center for PTSD said that about 60 percent of men and 50 percent of women will exp... ...uggling to get through the day. If a person is putting too much energy into balancing their lives with therapy and stress relief then medication is the next step. Currently the Food and Drug Administration has approved only two medications fot the treatment of PTSD; Sertraline(Zoloft) and Paroxeine(Paxil). They are both anti-depressant drugs called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs. They work by blocking the site on neurons that remove serotonin from the synapses, a process called reuptake. This allows the body access to more serotonin. It has a calming effect on the body and relieves the PTSD symptoms of hypervigilance and intrusive thoughts, as well as countering depression and panic attacks.(Thomas 60) PTSD is very serious and it affects people everyday. Some events are simply too traumatic for one’s mind and body to handle. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay -- Health, Diseases, Stress Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"That which does not kill us makes us stronger.†(Bailey, Eileen) While this is often the case, certain tragedies are simply too overwhelming for the body and mind to recover from. Instead of making one stronger, some things leave the human body weakened both emotionally and physically. When faced with gargantuan amounts of stress, some people have mental or emotional breakdowns resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder, commonly known as PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic or life threatening event that causes intense feelings of fear or helplessness. PTSD affects most people differently depending on the individual, but most of the symptoms are similar. These symptoms can be separated into three main categories: re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and symptoms of hypervigilance.(Thomas 17) Re-experiencing symptoms include nightmares, upsetting memories, or painful flashbacks. After working on machines and tanks, many veterans who return home have associated the smell of diesel fuel with flashbacks of combat and gory battles. Avoidance behaviors are also common in PTSD patients. People often become frightened of everyday simple tasks because of trauma they have experienced. Some people are terrified to ride in cars because they have been involved in horrible car wrecks. Hypervigilance simply involves a person being alert or on edge at all times. (Thomas 18-21) PTSD can be caused by many different things but some of the common causes are war, terrorism, rape, a severe accident, or natural disasters. The National Center for PTSD said that about 60 percent of men and 50 percent of women will exp... ...uggling to get through the day. If a person is putting too much energy into balancing their lives with therapy and stress relief then medication is the next step. Currently the Food and Drug Administration has approved only two medications fot the treatment of PTSD; Sertraline(Zoloft) and Paroxeine(Paxil). They are both anti-depressant drugs called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs. They work by blocking the site on neurons that remove serotonin from the synapses, a process called reuptake. This allows the body access to more serotonin. It has a calming effect on the body and relieves the PTSD symptoms of hypervigilance and intrusive thoughts, as well as countering depression and panic attacks.(Thomas 60) PTSD is very serious and it affects people everyday. Some events are simply too traumatic for one’s mind and body to handle.

Philosophy of Music Education Essay -- Music Instrumental Essays

Philosophy of Music Education Music is a basic part of everyday life. What makes music unique is its ability to create an emotional response in a person. A music education program should develop the aesthetic experience of every student to its highest potential. Aesthetics is the study of the relationship of art to the human senses. Intelligence exists in several areas, which includes music. The concept of aesthetics allows us to see into ourselves, which in turn helps the development of the intelligences. Not only are these intelligences brought up greatly in music education, but they can be transferred to other areas as well, allowing students to grow more through their other subjects. My philosophy of music education is committed to offering a comprehensive program of Music Education to all students, at all levels who want to participate in musical study. The emphasis will be upon daily music education as it is developed in the classroom, through performance, and in the belief that students best learn to understand and appreciate music by active involvement in music. The job of a music educator is to foster an environment where everyone can succeed in music. Students have the ability to grow and to be a part of a team through their participation in group activities. We must encourage the growth of students within our music education program, not just as musicians but also as individuals.Instrumental Music For Special Learners This article ...

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay -- Frankenstein Literature Dopplega

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is widely hailed as literature’s greatest gothic novel, as well as its first science fiction work. Written by a young woman in answer to a challenge from a circle of male authors (which included her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley), the tale is drawn from her personal experiences as well as from the writings of other authors. The monster in the story is a multifaceted symbol for humanity’s fears, representing unchecked technology and the un-mothered child, among other things. As a representative of these fears, the monster itself may be described as a doppleganger. The word doppleganger is taken from the German dopplegà ¤nger, meaning â€Å"double goer.† It appears as a reflection of a person, an apparition resembling a living being. When it appears, it is often taken as a portent of death, as it was by Elizabeth I when she saw a pale vision of herself lying still upon her deathbed soon before she died (Encyclopedia Mythica, 1). On a larger scale, Frankenstein’s monster could be described as a doppleganger of humanity, personifying our fear of ourselves and of our capabilities. One classic example of a doppleganger is the reflected image seen in a window at night, sometimes mistaken for a prowler. Frankenstein’s monster acts the part of this apparition when he appears to Frankenstein in his new bride’s window on her wedding night after killing her. The doppleganger that is the monster takes on many forms in terms of what it represents. One of these is the fear of science and its role in relation to God. As scientific advancements were made in the field of medicine, questions arose as to whether or not man should try to perform acts that only God was previously capable of performing. This moral issue is initially ignored by Frankenstein, overshadowed by his zeal for accomplishing his impossible feat of reanimation. After he animates the creature and shuns it for its horrible appearance, it acts on its impulses for revenge. As the story progresses, Frankenstein realizes that he should have thought more carefully before acting, and the repercussions of his dark deed eventually lead him on a self-destructive quest to ultimately attempt to annihilate his own creation. By trying to ascend past his place in God’s universe, Frankenstein, in the end, destroys himself and all that he ever loved.... ...etheus, Adam) and destructor (Satan) of life. (Desert Aine 2, 1-2) Frankenstein and his abominable creation are two characters inexorably linked with eachother, as father and son, as inventor and invention, and even as reflections of eachother. Their conflict deals with themes of the morality of science and the fears of child birth, and their characters are drawn from a wealth of experience and reading. Shelley’s doppleganger of mankind is like a twisted vision of reality; based in some sense on reality but wildly taken out of proportion, the monster is so inhuman that it cannot reconcile itself with its master or the world of humanity. Its tragic story serves as a warning of what mankind could become as well as a reflection of Shelley’s own personal demons, and her creation has changed the face of literature. Bibliography: Desert Aine 1. 3/13/1999. 3/14/1999. http://www.desert-fairy.com/birth.shtml Desert Aine 2. 3/13/1999. 3/14/1999. http://www.desert-fairy.com/franken.shtml Encyclopedia Mythica. 3/14/1999. http://pantheon.org/mythica/articles/d/doppleganger.html Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley, her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. New York: Routledge. 1988.

Alison watt and Picasso

Alison watt and Picasso In this essay I'm going to investigate two portrait painters, Alison Watt and Pablo Picasso. I will be writing about their lives and influences. The first artist I will be writing about is Alison Watt. She was born and raised In Greengrocer in 1965, 18 years later and she is still studying in Glasgow School of Art for a further 5 years. At the national gallery in London Watt was the associate artist holding a spectacular exhibition of her own Phantom in 2008.Watt was well known for portraits of herself and others holding cups plates etc, she came to the publics attention in 1987 when he won an award for the National Portrait Gallery's. Watt was also well known for drawing female nudes and figures usual neutral colors, dryly painted lost of her portraits were done using oil paint on a canvas. As far as I am aware Alison Watt was known for painting portraits I have not heard of watt sculpting. She was also awarded an OBEY, she was the youngest female artist to b e awarded a solo exhibition at SIGMA.Alison Watt was quite original she interpreted her own ideas in her into paintings. Such as the paintings ‘Hunger and the horses head' l. This paintings watt has duplicated herself and she has also placed random niter s in Radio places. The Alison watt painting I will be writing about is ‘The native boy', It was made in 1990, made with oil paint on a board. Alison Watt has modeled herself I'm this painting, I chose this painting because its very neutral and doesn't have too much going on.This portrait is close up so you can't see of the sitter is sitting or standing it Just shows the face and neck. I would say everything in the portrait is mostly all the same proportion in terms of scale. N the background it was Just some simple leaves and what looks like to be a wall. The foreground and the background don't look Joined together it looks like Watt is standing in front of something. You can only see the top parts of the sitter and the background as it is a close up. The only thing that's being cut out is the rest of the figure.I think if I was there whilst this being painted you could smell nature and paint. You could probably here birds chirping and the wind blowing as it looks like an area where you would hear these surroundings. It looks as painted around midday. It does seem like a calm place and a very peaceful place . The lighting on the face is quite bright but the background is darker. I think it is a natural light. The light is coming from straight in and because if this I think it is during the day almost evening, but also I think it is winter because it looks quite cold.The light does cast shadows around the face I think it's there to show some form and atmosphere, so the face doesn't look flat. The mood in this painting is quite dull and dreary and Watt doesn't look very happy , which I think has an effect on what the DOD which comes across as winter. Although sometimes winter is bright it will always has that effect which makes the atmosphere dull and tense. The expression on Alison Watt definitely has an effect on the mood of the painting because it Just looks as if she's depressed and wants to cry.The sitters position is unrecognizable as you can't see the shoulders all that you see is the neck and above the only way you can tell the mood is by the facial expression. As mentioned you can't see the sitters clothes but from the hairstyle it looks quite classy and old fashioned. I think the artist hose the color scheme because it isn't a very complex painting So the color of the painting being neutral I believe is relevant to the painting. Watts brush stokes in the background are part of the painting they are almost unseen , it almost looks edited to look smooth,but the face is more textural you can see a few brushstrokes.Also on the face you can see where it has tried to be blended. I think the brush strokes are looser on the background and more controlled on the face etc where you need detail. I am oblivious to how much time was spent on This painting as they are to skilled be able o tell. But, personally I think Watt may have spent less time on this painting compared to the other painting. As this painting isn't as complex and not extremely detailed. The piece itself I would say is textural but around the cheekbones you can see dots/dabs used to blend the cheek and skin color.Watt seems to have used life like style or realistic, because it doesn't look fake and are elements where it Just looks airbrushed. Neutral colors have been used in this painting. I think Watt used these colors to give it the look of a real person. I think because of these colors that is why t made me decide the painting realistic/lifelike piece. I don't think they have am effect on the mood or atmosphere. Also I think the color scheme makes parts of the face such as the nose and mouth stand out.I honestly couldn't choose between whether this image is hot or cold. At the first look I would definitely say cold but if you look closer at the painting the face gives it a warm sensation. Watt used pattern in empty and dull areas. Pattern was used well around the face using leaves and curls. Also where there is a big plain space of wall a ribbon has been added and I hint without these features it would be really empty. The pattern used was regular and uniform nothing is out of the ordinary. In this painting the pattern is subtle.Although there is no definite outline ,you can see the different shapes and where watt has used two different colors side by side with a crisp edge. I think the painting is really bland. There is nothing really interesting going on. It is really amazing though how good an artist is when they make it look so simple. I think Watt is good but I dislike this painting. I don't think this is the best piece Alison Watt has done, cause the rest have something interesting In it which makes you remember it and makes you wonder about the painting. The other artist I'm going to investigate is Pablo Picasso.Picasso was a Spanish artist, boor in 1881 who was the son of an art teacher and showed artistic talent at a very young age. When Picasso was 19 he went to live in Paris to study new styles and to pick up new styles. The blue period was a famous period of Picasso. As the color blue symbolisms depression, when Picasso best friend committed suicide Picasso went into deep depression this is what was now as the blue period, where all the paintings are in shades of blue, have religious undertones and the subject matter is unhappy in nature.In 1973 Picasso was taken from us and he was one of the most famous artists of the 20th century. During Picasso blue period it was his friend Casemate who influenced Picasso. During the rose period when mostly shades of pink were used he was experimenting with gouache , the subject of matter was the circus and during the cubist period it was ad African masks which influenced Picasso. The cubist pe riod was when Picasso id his most original work , he took simple African masks which inspired him and turned them into paintings which are famous today.These kind of painting break away from the rules regarding realism and perspective. Some of the faces are distorted. Picasso was only known for doing portrait and figure paintings to my knowledge. Oil paint on canvas is Picasso most chosen way to work. The art work I will be focusing on is the weeping woman. It was made in 1907. I'm not able to tell what size the artwork is. I do not know the name of the sitter nor do I now that its actually a person who Picasso has Just made into his own idea or whether he painted this from his head.I chose this painting because I painted it in primary school and its his most known painting or the only painting I had ever heard of. The portrait is full length and the figure in the painting is in able to tell if she is sitting or standing as you can only see the top half of her body but I'm assuming she's sitting. It is a close up and the head takes up most of the portrait so the head is definitely the biggest object in the painting. In the background it is Just simply a wall. The foreground and background do look Joined together because the woman isn't ad.You can see a bit of the sitter and a bit of the background. I can Just see a cartoon woman crying that is literally all I think if I was to imagine myself in the painting. I can hear a woman crying and smell lots of paint. You can't tell the time because it isn't a realistic painting. I'm guessing something has happened as there is a woman in tears, it feels awkward and depressing , not a very nice place to be. There is no lighting in the painting. I think the mood and atmosphere is sad and awkward. It's expression and the body language of the sitter also the painting itself is about a woman crying.I would describe the mood of the sitter as upset and you can't see the shoulders. You can see spate hands as if she was holding a tissue up to her face to wipe her nose/eyes. She is multicultural I can't see any of her clothes. I have no idea why Picasso chose this color scheme. The artists style is cartoonist and abstract to me. You can't see the brushstrokes. I don't think he worked on this painting as long as he did the others, he others Just look as if they have been thought through more carefully. The painting is flat, I don't know what textures have been used.

Сompare and contrast the way nature is represented in the following Romantic poem and extract from a Romantic poem

Percy Bysshe Shelley's ‘Mont Blanc' and lines 452-542 from Book Sixth of The Prelude by William Wordsworth (Romantic Writings: An Anthology, pp.329-32 and pp.133-5 respectively) Both literary texts that we will be dealing with in this essay, Percy Bysshe Shelley's ‘Mont Blanc' and an extract from Book 6 of The Prelude by William Wordsworth belong temporally to the Romantic Period (1780-1830), with the former having been written in 1816, and the latter completed in 1805, although it was not published until 1926. Wordsworth belongs to the ‘first generation' of Romantic writers, whose Romantic literature was wartime literature. Thus he had lived through the Revolutionary period and had also witnessed the aftermath of it: the dissipation in a long war. Despite his initial sympathy towards the early ideas of the Revolution concerning man and human liberties, he came to abandon them, turning from a fervent progressist into a resigned conservatist. He began to argue against the received idea of poetic language as a refined mode of eloquence available only to those with an education in previous literary models, employing the ‘language of men'. The ‘second generation', however, in which Shelley is included, belong to the post-war period, and having lived neither through the Revolution itself nor the reaction, they saw this change of view as a betrayal. Shelley's writing can be characterized as a continuous rebellion aiming at the establishment of the reign of love and freedom in human society. ‘Mont Blanc' constitutes an impressive statement of his belief in a benevolent force in Nature and of moral activity in man. Likewise, Wordsworth's Book 6 from The Prelude, entitled ‘Cambridge and the Alps', aims at charting ‘the growth of a poet's mind', with particular emphasis on the importance of Nature, which is always a key notion in his philosophy and poetry. Having given this background, we will start comparing and contrasting the way Nature is represented in the two writings with reference to their characteristics in terms of poetic form and language. ‘Mont Blanc' ‘Mont Blanc' is a 144-line ode composed during the writer's journey to Chamounix Valley in South-East France and intended to reflect the scenery through which he travelled. It is divided into five stanzas, with diversity in the number of lines in each, and is written in irregular rhyme as well as rhythmic pattern. This abandonment of regularity of pentameter iambics expresses a sense of freedom which aims, in turn, at bringing about feelings of sublimity evoked by such a close contact with Nature. The point of view is of first-person, conveying, thus, immediacy. The poem begins with the claim: ‘The everlasting universe of things/flows through the mind.', with which Shelley states his response to Mont Blanc: to consider what the landscape before him can teach about the merging of Nature and the mind. In this first stanza, Shelley develops his understanding of the mind participating in Nature, comparing the human mind to a small stream surrounded by waterfalls and a river: ‘The source of human thought†¦such as a feeble brook†¦where waterfalls around it leap forever†¦' (ll.5-9). Later in the poem as well, several ways in which the mind participates in the creative forces evident in the landscape are indicated, as in Lines 37-41, where his mind ‘now renders and receives fast influencing†¦.One legion of wild thoughts†¦'. He realises that knowledge is a combination of sensory perceptions and the ideas of the mind. The river can then serve as a symbol for the mind, a conscious power and a source for imaginative thought when he finishes the stanza with ‘thou art there!'. Also, at the end of the poem, addressing the mountain, he states that ‘the secret strength of things/which governs thought, and to the infinite dome/of Heaven is as a law, inhabits thee!' (ll.139-141). However, at certain parts, this response is implied as impossible; this world of thought is too great for a human to comprehend (‘for the very spirit fails/Driven like a homeless†¦among the viewless gales', ll.57-59). By these means, the sublime of Nature is being foregrounded. The starting lines of the second stanza talk of the scene before him, the Arve, which is represented as the Power: the universal realm of thought, which surprises us by ‘bursting' into view like lightning (‘Thus thou; Ravine of Arve†¦Bursting through these dark mountains†¦', ll.12-19). The syntax of these lines is unusual; ‘Thus' probably confirms evidence for the previous claim, although it is not clear what is being demonstrated; then, we have sentence fragments, the use of dashes, even the word order of ‘dark deep', that reverses typical locution. This disrupted, unusual syntax denotes the pressure of this overwhelming experience, causing Shelley's senses to instantly break down. Finally, we have an animating metaphor: the Ravine, which is addressed as if it were animate (‘Thus thou'), and the Arve, which descends as Power from ‘his secret throne' (ll.16-17). This allows for the writer to later address direct questions to Mont Blanc, suggesting a presence in it that finds an answering response in us (‘Is this scene†¦once this silent snow?', ll.71-74). In this third stanza, Mont Blanc is presented as ‘piercing the infinite sky' (l.60), whose subject mountains have ‘unearthly forms' (l.62) and the deeps are ‘unfathomable' (l.64), introducing thus its connections to this higher power. The alliteration in Line 78 ‘so solemn, so serene' foregrounds the perception that Nature can be both benevolent and malevolent, depending on the relationship one chooses to establish with it. In any case, even though the power is too great for mankind, it can indeed serve as a teacher who ‘teaches awful doubt' (l.77), or a faith in human nature that will revolutionise the world. This language encourages us to conceive the mountain as a consciousness something like-if not superior to-human thought, leading imagination to expand itself to the dimensions of it. In Lines 139-144 the power of the universe is symbolised by Mont Blanc, denying thus the existence of a natural religion, but for that power to have any meaning, one must exercise the imagination. The questions with which Shelley ends the poem grant the reader freedom to ponder the ultimate question of what is Nature if it doesn't merge with human mind and imagination, reflecting perhaps the freedom that he has experienced. The Prelude, Book 6 Let's move to the extract from Book 6 of The Prelude now, which is structured as a narrative, telling a story which is complete in itself, as well as being part of The Prelude as a whole, and which forms part of Wordsworth's autobiography. It is also lyrical in that in recounts his feelings and actions at a unique or typical moment: during his crossing of the Alps. It is written in blank verse, which perhaps helps avoid monotony, and the rhythm is iambic pentameter. In Lines 453-456, Wordsworth expresses his disappointment in Mont Blanc: it is a ‘soulless image', which ‘had unsurp'd upon a living thought/That never could be'. A ‘living thought' is better than ‘a soulless image': it is better to ‘think' than merely ‘to see'. Here, political language is applied to nature and the working of mind (‘unsurp'd), which could imply his disappointment in the contemporary political events. However, the sight of the Vale of Chamounix is quite compensatory: it is a ‘book' from which the young and old learn (ll.473-7). He finds fascination in the landscape, which did ‘make rich amends' and ‘reconciled us to realities' (ll.460-1). The imagery of country life, such as small birds co-existing with eagles, a reaper at work in the fields, and the threat of Winter in the autumn sunshine, which is similed to ‘a tamed lion' (ll.466), are all experienced as edifying. The climax comes at Line 524, when it dawns on them that they have crossed the Alps without knowing. The element of surprise is prominent in this climax: ‘I was lost as in a cloud' (l.525), which is perceived as the ‘Power'. The writer experiences a spiritual catharsis by being revealed of the power of the mind and the free-flowing spontaneity of the language conveys to us this uplifting rush of exaltation. Wordsworth celebrates the way ‘that power†¦came†¦athwart' him' (ll.527-9). So, impotence in the presence is followed by a future of infinite possibility, which is achieved through imagination and moves the poet from the disappointing place to time. The ‘living thought/that never more could be' (ll.455-6) is succeeded by a reference to ‘something evenmore about to be' (l.542). He is lost in the realm of time along with imagination, which transcends the human senses. Nevertheless,'the light of sense/goes out in flashes that have shown to us/the invisible world' (ll.534-6). This image conveys a denial that the normal faculties of consciousness are adequate to discover ‘our destiny, our nature, and our home' (l.538). The repetition of ‘hope' in Line 540 strongly foregrounds Wordsworth's desire to reconstitute its grounds in a dark time of post-revolutionary reaction and despair. Conclusion On balance, these two literary works share an interesting similarity in their use of apocalyptic and millennial imagery to express the relationship of man to Nature and to higher powers; they are both successful in making their readers aware of the greater harmony of the universe, both within and outside the boundaries of time. However, where Wordsworth admitted his disappointment on the view of real Mont Blanc, Shelley's reaction was the opposite. Furthermore, while Wordsworth places great emphasis on the interaction of the human mind with its environment, Shelley emphasises the passivity of the mind in the ‘unremitting interchange' with ‘the clear universe of things around' (ll.39-40); Nature is the messenger and the imagination acts upon it only after having received it.