Everyone’s Gasoline Problem Essay Sample free essay sample

The fluctuation of gas monetary values occurs because of a figure of factors ; the monetary value of rough oil. the monetary value of fabrication. the monetary value of maize is all tied to the monetary value of oil and the monetary value we see at the pump for gas. In 2011. the United States consumed about 134 billion gallons1 ( or 3. 19 billion barrels2 ) of gasolene. a day-to-day norm of about 367. 08 million gallons ( 8. 74 million barrels ) . This was approximately 6 % less than the record high of about 142. 38 billion gallons ( or 3. 39 billion barrels ) consumed in 2007. harmonizing to the Department of Energy ( â€Å"How much gasolene. † 2012 ) . Of that. about half is used for motor gasolene. The remaining is used for distillation fuel oil. jet fuel. residuary fuel and other oils. Each barrel of oil contains 42 gallons ( 159 L ) . which yields 19 to 20 gallons ( 75 L ) of gasolene. ( â€Å"How much gasolene. † 2012 ) . So. in the United States. something like 178 million gallons of gasolene is consumed every twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Everyone’s Gasoline Problem Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fluctuations of gasolene monetary values are a authoritative economic illustration of supply and demand in the market. If the demand for maize or oil additions or if a lessening in supply occurs. this so causes an addition in gasolene monetary values. On the other manus. if demand for maize or oil lessenings there will be an glut of merchandises and the monetary values will diminish. The seasons and US vacations may besides hold an impact on the monetary value of gasolene at the pump. Americans travel more during the summer and over the vacations. and the monetary value of fuel additions during these times to run into the demand and keep the market equilibrium. Chapter 3 Question 14 Assuming that the demand and supply for premium javas are in equilibrium. the monetary value will stay more or less changeless. If no important outlooks emerge in the market. we expect for the supply to besides stay changeless. If Starbucks introduced the universe to premium blends. this would do a positive displacement in the demand curve. Fro those premium blends. When demand additions and supply remains unchanged. we expect to see a higher monetary value and addition in the measure demand. There are legion factors that can impact the long-run equilibrium. such as alterations in supply. By and large the supply will increase and a new equilibrium will be found. Yet if a unforeseen event occurred that prevented an addition in supply being available for the market. so we can anticipate a different accommodation. A great illustration would be. if a difficult freezing eliminated Brazil’s premium java harvest. That would do a negative displacement in the supply curve. Assuming dem and remains changeless. a negative displacement in the supply curve will do measure to diminish and equilibrium monetary value to increase. Brazil is responsible for about 25 % of the world’s java supply. Harmonizing to java research. org â€Å" intelligence of Brazil java hoars echoes around the universe within a affair of proceedingss. Correspondingly. java monetary values normally jump due to outlooks of a world-wide java deficit. † ( â€Å"Coffee hoars. † 2001 ) Chapter 3 Question 15 The likely impact on nutrient monetary values in the United States if the supply of oranges were reduced. and the ingestion of maize for fuel was to increase. would be to anticipate an addition in nutrient monetary values. When events such as a deep freezing happen and the consequence is a lessening of supply the market will see an addition in the equilibrium monetary value if all other things remain consistent. If the president called for an addition in ethyl alcohol produced from maize. the supply of maize available to supply as nutrient will diminish. and the lessening in measure will drive the monetary value of nutrient to travel up. Harmonizing to the section of Agricultural and resource economic sciences â€Å"We estimation that maize monetary values were about 30 per centum greater. on norm. between 2006 and 2010 than they would hold been if ethanol production had remained at 2005 degrees. † ( Cater. 2010 ) Work Cited Coffee hoars. ( 2001 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. coffeeresearch. org/market/frost. htm Cater. C. ( 2010 ) . The consequence of the u. s. ethyl alcohol authorization on maize monetary values.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //agecon. ucdavis. edu/people/faculty/aaron-smith/docs/Carter_Rausser_Smith_Ethanol_Paper_submit. pdf How much gasolene does the united provinces consume? . ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eia. gov/tools/faqs/faq. cfm? id=23 A ; t=10

Essay on The Tables Turned by William Wordsworth essays

Essay on The Tables Turned by William Wordsworth essays THE TABLES TURNED BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH The intention of this poem is to convince the reader of the wisdom that Nature has. This is just a mere theory of the speaker presented in the text through the opposing point of view of the poetic voice and his friend who thinks that books are the source of wisdom, but the poetic I argues, "Let Nature be your Teacher" (line 16). The intellectual pursuit of knowledge, he argues, distorts "the forms of things," (line 17) but Nature is sweet. There is a relation of friendship between the poetic I and the addressee, in which there is a close supposedly affection, which we assume from the use of the appellative friend (line 1 and 3). However with regards to authority it seems that the speaker is placed in a little inferior position, since he tries to convince his friend. The speakers presence is very obvious, in the fact that he refers to himself using the possessive pronoun my (lines 1, 3 and 11). So we have a case of a double situational context, as the speaker is on the one hand addressing to his friend and on the other to us, the implied reader. In fact, it seems that the author has used his friend as a pretext for addressing us. So, the speaker s goal is to convince his friend, and also to us who are supposed to share the friends opinion. There is an attempt to convince the reader of the truth of an assertion that is hard to accept because it opposes to what has conventionally been said. We can even perceive this idea in the title of the poem (The tables Turned) which shows that the author was aware of the difficulty of his intention. In the first stanza we have three directives and a statement. The poetic I is requesting his friend to quit his books and also to clear his looks, through the use of imperatives and ends with a question which provides negative connotations to books, since he describes them as ...

Humanism and the Humanistic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Humanism and the Humanistic - Essay Example Charles Schulz is one of the present day heroes. Even in his death, he remains a hero of the modern days. His great works in the field of arts and writing significantly changed the way people view the world in a positive way. He was an artist, a cartoonist and an illustrator who designed the popular Peanuts comic strip. Some of the favorite characters in the strip were Charlie Brown and Snoopy. Men, women, and children around the globe could not help falling in love with the subjects. For about a half a century, Charles Schulz remained an extraordinary person in the world of cartoons. He won over millions with his observations on human conditions, wry humor, and occasional flights of fancy. Schulz was born in November 26, 1922 from a peasant family. His father was a barber wand his mother a homemaker. According to Mendelson and Melendez, Schulz was shy and small in small as compared to his classmates (59). At Richard Gordon Elementary School, he hid both his intelligence and growing artistic skills since his schoolmates and family did not prize these qualities. Despite all these circumstances, Charles Schulz could not hide his ability anymore. Through his vast and impressive artistic skills, he helped fellow young boys and girls draw. In high school, Schulz mother was severely sick from the then incurable cervical cancer. His grades at school began to take a downward slope. However, Schulz did not give up on his drawing abilities (Mendelson and Melendez  169). He had a dream of changing people’s lives through artworks. He thus joined art lessons with an emphasis on cartooning at Federal School. After finishing high school, he took up some odd jobs to make life sustainable. He tried to send out comic strips to magazines for printing but to no avail. He joined the army life, a lonely life far away from his ailing mum. He got the first glimpse of his bright future when he left the army and started

Taiwan and the One Country, Two Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taiwan and the One Country, Two Systems - Essay Example After the Second World War, the Republic of China, led by their leader by then, was the governing polity in the island. Following the Chinese civil war in 1949, the government of the Republic of China withdrew their control of Taiwan. In 1952, Japan officially renounced all territorial rights in San Francisco Peace Treaty. The KMT ruled Taiwan as a single party state for four decades, until democracy was realized in the 1980s. These reforms which were instigated by Chiang Ching-Kuo who was then the leader in the mainland China were continued by his predecessor Lee Teng-hui, which eventually led to the first presidential election in the island in 1996. Until today, the island is a democracy with a presidential system of governance. History and creation of â€Å"one country, two systems† policy (Deng Xiaoping) â€Å"One country, two systems â€Å"translated as â€Å"one China, two systems† is a constitutional principle that was established by Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping was an executive leader of the People’s Republic of China. His purpose in formulating this principle was major to reunify China during the early 1980s. This leader gave suggestions for the establishment of only one China, but different regions such as Macau, Taiwan, and Hong Kong to retain their capitalist political and economic systems while the rest of China to remain on a socialist system. Under this principle, Macau, Taiwan, and Hong Kong regions should go on with their legal, political, financial or economic affairs including how they relate to other foreign states.

Education research paper on Oral Proficiency in the Foreign Language

Education on Oral Proficiency in the Foreign Language classroom - Research Paper Example Foreign-language teachers are as a result advised to promote classroom participation of students since through this they will be able to enhance their foreign language speeches. This paper in particular tries to find the appropriate ways that teachers can employ in order to promote foreign language oral proficiency in their classrooms. Research was carried out through interviews, surveys and classroom observations and various findings presented, from which conclusions were drawn. Table of contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 The Importance of Oral Assessment 5 Motivating Students to Speak 6 Results/ Presentation 16 Interview Results/Findings 16 Survey Results/Findings 18 Classroom Observations 19 Discussion and Analysis 20 Pedagogical Applications 24 Recommendations 27 References 30 Appendices 33 Introduction Increasing global development and the need for expanded second language skills have led many educators to seek ways to ensure that students of foreign language s leave their classes with a level of language proficiency. Though tests of written language are frequently defined by state standards that are based on written assessments, spoken language proficiency and the use of oral assessments in language classes are receiving increasing attention. The current literature on this topic reflects varied views of educators and administrators, both in relation to foreign language instruction and as a reflection of efforts in this country to support second language instruction for those with limited English proficiency. The application and increasing emphasis on oral assessments in foreign language instruction in the United States has extended from the realization that spoken language proficiency is an imperative part of the application and utility of language learning. In correlation, educators have applied a range of strategies to improve oral language performance, including methods to motivate learners, improve classroom process, and improve ora l language skills. The purpose of this research is to learn and investigate how to prepare activities to engage students in speaking and how to assess speaking in class. Given that not all students will speak the target language outside of class the classroom is a crucial if not the only space for students to engage in the spoken language in their early learning experience. The purpose of this study is also to ultimately create an assessment system that would match effective teaching practices. The research questions guiding the study are: How can I incorporate oral assessment as a daily part of class? How much weight should I place on oral assessment? How can I provide a classroom environment that will motivate students to speak in class? What would appropriate tasks look like? How do other skills/factors support speaking? Literature Review The Importance of Oral Assessment Foreign language instructors have taken the lead from second language (L2) instructional models that place an emphasis on the acquisition of oral language skills and the application of assessments to determine a learner’s pragmatic skills, the skills that they can use in an authentic speaking environment (Ishihara, 2009). Language educators have recognized that pragmatic competence should be achieved through language experiences in the classroom, and instructors can benefit from making

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate

The Hydrolysis Of Nitrophenyl Phosphate The hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by alkaline phosphatase enzyme is a first order reaction dependent on the concentration of NPP in solution. A product of this reaction is nitrophenyl anion which has a high molar absorptivity at 410nm. This property makes it relatively easy to observe this reaction as a function of time via a spectrophotometer. By observing the reaction as a function of time it is possible to study the kinetics of this reaction and to determine how the initial reaction rate depends on the initial concentration of NPP. This relationship can be described by the Michaelis-Menton equation which is described in some detail. It is found that, as expected, reaction rate increases with an increase in NPP concentration. The Eadie-Hofstee plot is used to linearize the data and to obtain reasonable approximations for the Vmax and KM parameters found in the Michaelis-Menton equation. A process involving the minimization of a ÃŽ §2 value is used to obtain the final va lues of these two parameters: Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. These parameters produce a qualitatively strong fit for the data obtained and so the Michaelis-Menton equation reasonably accurately describes the relation between initial NPP concentration and reaction rate. It is found, as expected, that the addition of the inhibitor species phosphate decreases the rate of NPA formation. The inhibition constant KI obtained from the apparent KM value of the Michaelis-Menton equation. By averaging the KI value for several concentrations of inhibitor, = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M. Introduction Alkaline phosphatases are common enzymes found in places such as the mammalian intestine and the bacterium Escherichia coli. They are a family of two-subunit homologous enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of a large spectrum of phosphate monoesters to phosphate and neutral molecules. Because they catalyze a large variety of hydrolysis reactions, they are said to be non-specific. This reaction can be expressed as follows where R is any organic compound: R-OPO32- + H2O R-OH + HPO42- (1) By removing the phosphate, R becomes a neutral species that may more easily serve to facilitate transport of nutrients across cell membranes or other biological housekeeping processes. Alkaline phosphatases can also be used to remove phosphate groups from DNA molecules which allows for different manipulations of DNA. It is instructive to examine the kinetics of this reaction in order to more fully understand certain biochemical processes. Alkaline phosphatses are large molecules with a certain number of active sites in which the hydrolysis of smaller molecules is catalyzed. Competition for the active site of these enzymes is one aspect which may affect the kinetics of the reaction. We will examine the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) by the E. coli alkaline phosphatase at a pH of 10.6 at room temperature. In particular, the maximum velocity Vmax and the Michaelis constant KM of the reaction are determined and the effect of the product HPO42- as an inhibitor is examined. Theory The initial rate, or the initial velocity, v of enzyme-catalyzed reactions has been observed to follow first order kinetics. That is, the rate of the reaction depends only on the initial substrate concentration. However, this only holds true at low values of substrate concentration and levels off to a maximum velocity V at large concentrations. The general form for the way in which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction is a noncovalent association of the substrate molecule to the enzyme followed by some catalytic steps that result in the product being released from the enzyme. S + E ES E + P (2) The enzyme concentration is almost always much smaller than the concentration of the substrate. Due to this, very quickly equilibrium will be reached where, as soon as product is released from the enzymes active site, a new substrate molecule will enter the active site. At this production of [ES] is said to be saturated, meaning it has a constant value which does not change with time. (3) This is said to be the steady state, or bottleneck, condition where all active enzyme sites are occupied. From this condition and the fact that matter is conserved, one can derive the rate law: (4) This is the Michaelis-Menton equation, where the Michaelis constant KM=(k-1 + k2)/k1. This value in a physical context is the substrate concentration midway between zero substrate and the concentration at which the reaction rate has become saturated. Also in the equation Vmaxk2E0 which is said to be the maximum velocity of the reaction. Here, v is the rate of the steady state enzyme reaction. In order to measure the reaction rates, the concentration of product or substrate must be observed as a function of time. It is expected that the concentration vs. time plot will be initially linear until the substrate is beginning to be used up where it would then level off to a constant value. p-nitrophenyl phosphate is chosen as the substrate because a product of its dephosphorylation, nitrophenolate anion has a high molar absorptivity in the blue wavelengths of visible light. This allows for the use of Beers Law to calculate concentration of the product from the absorbance at a specific wavelength of light. A410 = ÃŽ µ410,NPA l cNPA (5) Here, A is the absorbance at a wavelength of 410nm, l is the light path through the solution, ÃŽ µ is the molar absorptivity of the solution and c is the concentration. Thus, by observing the change in absorbance as a function of time, it is possible to observe the increase in product as a function of time. Once the reaction rates at each initial substrate concentration are known, it is necessary to determine the parameters Vmax and KM in the Michaelis-Menton equation (Equation 4) in order to fit the data to a mathematical trend. This nonlinear fit is difficult to make without first having reasonable estimates of Vmax and KM. However, by rearranging Equation 4, it is possible to linearize the equation such that reasonable approximations of the parameters can be obtained by performing a simple linear least-squares regression. One such linearization produces the Eadie-Hofstee plot of the form: v = Vmax KM (6) This equation can be used to give reasonable approximations of the two parameters, which can then be optimized to produce the values of Vmax ­ and KM ­. This optimization is performed by comparing the estimated rate from Equation 4 using the approximate values for the two parameters to the actual rate at different concentrations. A ÃŽ §2 is defined to be the sum of the deviations from the actual observations. A computer can be used to minimize this value by varying Vmax and KM where the values for these two parameters at the minimized ÃŽ §2 are the best approximations. The error in these values is found by minimizing the ÃŽ §2 at several values of Vmax and KM by varying the other parameter. A plot of these points can be used to determine the 95% confidence intervals for these values. Competitive inhibition is the process by which molecules that resemble the substrate can bind to the active site of the enzyme, establishing a competition between the substrate and this molecule for active sites on the enzyme. HPO4- is a product of the hydrolysis of NPP which acts as an inhibitor to the enzyme reaction. The effect of the addition of phosphate on the rate can be expressed as follows: (7) Here, all variables are the same as in Equation 4, where KI is the inhibition constant. Experiment An Ocean Optics USB 400 spectrophotometer is used to take all absorbance readings. All parts of the experiment take place at atmospheric pressure and are open air. In order to establish a basis of comparison, the absorbance at 410 nm is taken for nitrophenolate anion, NPA, the pure product of the enzyme reaction. From this, the molar absorptivity constant can be determined for NPA which can be used to determine the concentration of NPA in solution. Several solutions with a range of concentrations of the substrate nitrophenyl phosphate, NPP, are necessary to observe the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of the enzyme reaction. The concentrations are chosen such that they span the range of the Michaelis-Menton plot. Upon the addition of enzyme to each solution, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is recorded by taking the absorbance reading at 410 nm at each time step. The reaction for each initial NPP concentration is charted for a sufficiently long time such th at an accurate least-squares fit can be made for the plot of concentration as a function of time. From this plot, the initial reaction rates for each NPP concentration can be determined and fit to an Eadie-Hofstee plot to determine approximate values for V and KM. To observe the inhibiting effect of phosphate on the enzyme reaction, several solutions with a range of phosphate concentrations all with equal concentrations of NPP must be prepared. Then, upon the addition of enzyme to the solutions, the concentration of NPA as a function of time is observed via the absorbance readings. It is necessary to keep the initial substrate concentration constant in this part so that the variation in the reaction rate can be attributed to only the variation in phosphate concentration. Discussion of Results As expected, increasing the initial substrate concentration served to increase the rate of product formation in the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate by an alkaline phosphatase enzyme. This can be seen clearly in Figure 1 where the slope of the graph of product (NPP) concentration as a function of time increases as enzyme concentration increases. For the trials with the three highest initial substrate concentrations, the enzyme concentration was half that used in every other run, meaning that the rate of reaction for these trials must be doubled for comparison purposes. This explains why the slopes of these lines are approximately half of what would be expected in Figure 1. Figure : The plot demonstrates that as substrate concentration increases, so too does the rate of product formation In order to determine the rate of reaction, a second order trend is fit to the data where the linear term in the equation is taken to be the rate of product formation. A second order least squares regression is used to fit the data because the rate of reaction is not truly constant over the timeframe observed. It is expected that the data will have a very slight negative concavity as, by Equation 2, the substrate concentration is decreasing at the same rate as the increase in NPA, leaving less NPP to form the enzyme-substrate complex which produces NPA. This means that the rate should decrease as a function of time the second order regression is used to correct for this fact, leaving the linear term to describe the rate of reaction. Figure 2 (attached) displays the approximate second order trends for NPA concentration as a function of time for each initial NPP concentration. These are only approximate trends as these may not be rigorously calculated, and in any case are over a small er range than that used in subsequent calculations. A more rigorous second order least-squares regression is performed to obtain the reaction rates for each initial substrate concentration. The rates along with the standard deviations for each rate are tabulated in Table 1. As stated previously, it has clearly been shown that as initial substrate concentration is increased, so too does the rate of the reaction. Additionally, the second order linear trend provides a very strong fit to the data. This is evidenced by the fact that the standard deviations of the rates are all 8 or 9 orders of magnitude smaller than the rate, meaning there is very little variance in the data from the trend calculated. Table 1: Enzyme Reaction Rate as a function of Substrate concentration [S0]/M Rate (M/sec) Rate SD 3.23E-03 3.94E-07 1.25E-15 1.61E-03 3.52E-07 2.50E-16 8.06E-04 2.96E-07 4.54E-16 4.03E-04 2.40E-07 4.77E-16 2.42E-04 1.73E-07 2.73E-16 1.45E-04 1.29E-07 2.58E-17 6.45E-05 7.97E-08 7.56E-17 3.23E-05 4.13E-08 4.78E-17 Once the rates at each initial NPP concentration are known, it is possible to attempt to describe the initial rate of the enzyme reaction as a function of initial substrate concentration. This relation can be described by Equation 4, and so the parameters Vmax and KM must be obtained. As stated previously, it is difficult to perform a nonlinear regression to describe rate as a function of time without having reasonably close guesses for these two parameters. By the process described previously whereby Equation 5 is used to linearize the data, we obtain the Eadie-Hostee plot displayed in Figure 3. Figure 3: The Eadie-Hofstee plot linearizes the data such that estimates of Vmax and Km can be obtained As can be seen in the figure, this method produces a roughly linear plot. By performing a linear least squares fit on the data, we can obtain guesses for the two parameters. Equation 6 makes it apparent that the slope of the plot is -KM and the intercept is Vmax. An analysis of the units bears this out: Vmax has units of M/sec (as does the rate because Vmax is the maximum initial rate of reaction at which the enzyme becomes completely saturated), and KM has units of M (as does substrate concentration because KM is the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax). The intercept and slope of the graph also have units of M/sec and M, respectively. From the plot, it is estimated that KM = 2.90*10-4 M and Vmax = 4.10*10-7 M/sec. Using these values for the parameters in the Michaelis-Menton equation (4), a decent fit of the data is obtained as seen in Figure 4. However, it is clear from the plot that the values for both parameters are too low. The plot begins to approach a value which is too low as the plot from the formula falls below the final data point. This suggests that the value of Vmax is too low. Additionally, the plot rises too quickly at low substrate concentrations which would cause KM to occur too early, as does the lower value of Vmax. Figure 4: The approximate values of Vmax and Km from the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce only a rough fit of the data These apparent inaccuracies in the values of Vmax and KM are most likely resulted from the fact that the Eadie-Hostfee plot does not use two separate variables on each axis. However, clearly these values are relatively close to the correct value as the plot roughly fits the data. By the process described previously, a computer can be used to produce more accurate values of Vmax and KM by minimizing the ÃŽ §2 value, which is the sum of the squares of the deviations from the data by the value predicted in the formula. Minimizing ÃŽ §2 by varying the two parameters gives the values in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of Vmax and Km values from Eadie-Hofstee plot and non-linear regression Eadie-Hofstee Non-linear Reg. Pos Error Neg Error Vmax (M/sec) 4.10E-07 4.28E-07 .32E-07 .28E-07 Km/M 2.90E-04 3.33E-04 .47E-04 .58E-04 As expected, the values of both parameters have increased, where Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and where KM = 3.33*10-4. The positive and negative errors for these two parameters are obtained by the process described above. At different values of each parameter, the ÃŽ §2 value is minimized while varying only the other variable. The plots of this process are appended. The confidence interval is taken to be 4.28*ÃŽ §2; that is the values at which these graphs cross this value corresponds to the lower and upper limits of each parameter. This error is also recorded in Table 2. Then by using Equation 4, one can use the multiplicative formula for error to determine error bars for the data points. These errors are tabulated in Table 3 for each initial substrate concentration. Table 3: Enzyme Reaction Rate as a function of Substrate concentration with Errors from Km and Vmax [S0]/M Rate (M/sec) pos error neg error 3.23E-03 3.94E-07 6.29E-08 7.33E-08 1.61E-03 3.52E-07 5.62E-08 6.55E-08 8.06E-04 2.96E-07 4.73E-08 5.51E-08 4.03E-04 2.40E-07 3.83E-08 4.47E-08 2.42E-04 1.73E-07 2.76E-08 3.22E-08 1.45E-04 1.29E-07 2.06E-08 2.40E-08 6.45E-05 7.97E-08 1.27E-08 1.48E-08 3.23E-05 4.13E-08 6.60E-09 7.68E-09 Using these corrected values for Vmax and KM, a more accurate formula to describe the data is obtained. Figure 5 clearly shows that the plot using these new values provides a much better fit to the data than does the plot of the approximate values for the parameters. All of the issues seen in the first plot are no longer present, and the formula clearly falls well within the error bars on each data point. Despite lacking a quantitative means of expressing the quality of the fit, it is possibly to qualitatively state by looking at the plot that the formula with the determined parameter values closely matches the experimental data. Figure 5: The optimized values of Vmax and Km from the estimates given by the Eadie-Hofstee plot produce a strong fit Finally, having confidence in the ability for the Michaelis-Menton equation to describe the effect of initial concentration on the rate of reaction, it is possible to study the effect of the addition of an inhibitor species on the rate of the reaction. Keeping the initial concentration of substrate fixed, the concentration of inhibitor in solution was varied. As would be expected, the addition of inhibitor species greatly reduced the rate of product formation. This is shown in Table 4. Table 4: Determination of mean inhibition costant Ki [I]/M Rate (M/sec) Km app/M Ki/M 0 2.40e-7 3.33e-4 0 3.23E-03 2.34E-08 6.84E-03 1.62E-04 6.45E-03 1.69E-08 9.80E-03 2.27E-04 9.68E-03 7.61E-09 2.14E-02 1.47E-04 [S]/M Avg Ki/M 1.79E-04 4.03E-04 SE .25E-04 Also observed is that the addition of more inhibitor species results in an increasingly reduced rate of product reaction. This makes sense because as more inhibitor species exists in solution, there are more molecules that can bind to the enzymes active sites, thereby inhibiting the formation of the enzyme-substrate that is necessary for product formation. As a result of the rate decreasing as the inhibitor concentration is increased, the apparent KM value greatly increases. This makes sense because the substrate would have to be significantly more concentrated to effectively compete and reach the concentration at which the reaction rate is half that of Vmax. From Equation 7, it is possible to calculate the value of KI from the inhibitor concentration, the rate and Vmax. Averaging the values of KI for each inhibitor concentration gives a = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M. Conclusion The alkaline enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitrophenyl phosphate is a first order reaction that depends on the initial concentration of substrate in solution when the concentration of enzyme is kept constant. A second order least-squares regression gives the initial rate of reaction as a function of time, where the rate of product formation increases as the initial concentration of substrate increases. The Eadie-Hosfstee plot was used to approximate the parameters Vmax and KM that are necessary to describe the relation between substrate concentration and rate of reaction. Optimizing these parameters through the minimization of a X2 value gives Vmax = 4.28*10-7 and KM = 3.33*10-4. The error in these parameters can be determined by each parameter separately to minimize the X2 value at different values for each parameter. These values for the parameters in the Michaelis-Menton equation produce a qualitatively strong fit for the data. The addition of an inhibitor species served to decre ase the rate of product formation where the increase in inhibitor concentration results in a decrease in rate. Using the Michaelis-Menton equation, the inhibition constant KI is found to be = (1.79 + 0.25)*10-4 M.

Tender Mercies Essay -- essays research papers

'Tender Mercies,'; written by Horton Foote, is a screenplay, which presents to the reader ordinary people, who are trying to live decently in an unpredictable and violent world. The reader comes to be aware of many dramatic scenes where the central characters have come to experience many complex but yet fascinating situations in their lives. Reading this screenplay the reader will come to acknowledge one of the centralized themes in 'Tender Mercies,'; which is the theme of redemption. For those who are unaware of the word, redemption as it applies to the screenplay 'Tender Mercies'; is the literary word meaning to be saved or saving someone from an experience or a situation. The reader can observe this redemption at various times through many characters, such as: Mac, Rosa Lee, Sunny, and Dixie. Each one of these characters has been redeemed by other characters or has been the redeemer of other characters. Thus, in the paragraphs to proceed, the reader will be introduced to these exa ct characters and to the situations from which these characters were redeemed from or whom they had redeemed. Alongside, the reader will also come to recognize how this theme provides the clearest reason why 'Tender Mercies'; is neither a Tragedy nor Pathos. As mentioned above, one of the centralized themes in 'Tender Mercies'; is the theme of redemption and that it can be seen through many characters, of whom is Mac. In the beginning of this screenplay, Mac is viewed as a person with a drinkin...

Modernization Theory Essay

According to Macionis (2010), the definition of modernization theory â€Å"is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations†. Modernization theory is a description, explanation, and account of the way of traditional and under established or underdeveloped societies, compared to more modern societies. Modernization is one of the most important perspectives in development and underdevelopment since the 1950s. Primary attention has focused on ways in which past and present modern societies become modern through the process of economic growth and change in community, educational, and supporting structures. Modernization is the process in which society experiences industrialization urbanization and many other social changes that transform the lives of the population. Social change has been, and probably will continue to be, a complex process that reflects the priorities we set for any na tion as well as our will to achieve them. Modernization has rapidly manifested itself through four distinct categories; the decline of small traditional communities, expansion of personal choice, increasing social diversity, and orientation toward the future and growing awareness. Society will continue to change as new technology is developed and new ideas are explored. Modernization can produce many rewarding results. On the other hand, according to some theorists it can be detrimental to certain societies. With modernization comes the decline of small traditional communities, the foothold to the once solidarity and meaning of society’s experience, weakened if not destroyed all together. For thousands of years, before the industrial revolutions, people lived in rural villages spread throughout the land. These societies revolved around family and neighbor, and valued traditions, where each person had a well-defined roll, a strong sense of identity, belonging and purpose. Yet, the downside to life in these rural village’s people was that they had limited personal choice in what they could do. Some of the negative consequences of modernization are: it lessens the requirement for labor, creating job cuts. At one point in time, modernization became the problem of the environment pollution. You can see the detrimental effects from the industrial fog hanging above our large cities. This fog is caused mostly by automobiles and industrial plants. Prevalence of terrorism is also a consequence, and face-to-face social interaction is dwindling. Some of the positive consequences of modernization are: it reduces costs, improves the quality of goods, deliverance of goods is faster, efficiency level is higher, people stay healthy longer, communication is improved, and so forth. With modernization in an area, comes the resistance from traditional people. Change is an uncomfortable thing for the older generations. Some people see modernization in a bad way because they feel that it has destroyed our traditional values. They might feel that the modern way of life has affected our rules and our principles. The term modernization is connected to technology, which does not affect cultural traditions exactly. Cell phones, for example, are not used in churches or temples, a place of tradition. The amount of information technology can bring however, will influence traditional thinking. Some say that one only has to turn on the local news to realize that never has it been clearer that the perceptions and values taught by our ancestors have fallen at the feet of modernization. Some people feel â€Å"too old† to learn the new ways of the world. Technology, as they see it, could possibly destroy human relationships. The personal computer and internet have replaced the post cards and even the human conversations. Mobile messages have replaced the human voice. I believe that one can preserve all the traditions one wants, but with the rest of the world moving forward a balance can be established between tradition and modernization. Modernization is necessary if the country desires to be included in the economic development and advancements that are around us. Assuming that modernization is a systematic and transformative process, from an economic development perspective, accounting for the developmental stages of a society (traditional society, precondition for takeoff, the takeoff process, the drive to maturity, and high mass consumption), one could systematically modernize a Third World Country. Countries in Latin America, Cambodia, and Laos, to name a few, stagnated in development due to their lack of productive investments and stood to benefit from mitigating efforts based out of the modernization theory. The modernization solution to their stagnation relied on the provision of aid to these countries in the form of capital, technology, and expertise. Once modernization takes hold of a society, it will never let go. People with knowledge want more. The more people know, the more they want to know, so yes modernization is here to stay. The trend has become a worldwide trend. However, there are many areas of the world that have yet to be touched by modernization and the ways of the modern world, but it is only a matter of time before they too are assimilated into the process and are unable to resist the impetus towards modernization. References Macionis, J. (2010). Soc 100: Sociology: 2011 custom edition (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ. (pp. 312-316). Google (2012). Modernization, Retrieved May 2, 2012 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization

Definition and Examples of Confirmation in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Confirmation in Rhetoric Definition In classical rhetoric, the confirmation is the main part of a speech or text in which logical arguments in support of a position (or claim) are elaborated. Also called confirmatio. Etymology:  From the Latin verb confirmare, meaning strengthen or establish. Pronunciation: kon-fur-MAY-shun Confirmation is one of the classical rhetorical exercises known as the  progymnasmata. These exercises, originating in ancient Greece with the rhetorician Aphthonius of Antioch, were designed to teach rhetoric by providing exercises in increasing difficulty, beginning with simple storytelling and increasing to complex arguments. In the confirmation exercise, a student would be asked to logically reason in favor of some topic or argument found in myth or literature. The rhetorical opposite of confirmation is refutation, which involves arguing against something instead of in its favor. Both require logical and/or moral arguments to be marshaled in similar ways, simply with opposite goals. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: The Parts of a SpeechWhat Are the Progymnasmata? Examples of Confirmation The few bright meteors in mans intellectual horizon could well be matched by woman, were she allowed to occupy the same elevated position. There is no need of naming the De Staels, the Rolands, the Somervilles, the Wollstonecrafts, the Wrights, the Fullers, the Martineaus, the Hemanses, the Sigourneys, the Jagiellos, and the many more of modern as well as ancient times, to prove her mental powers, her patriotism, her heroism, her self-sacrificing devotion to the cause of humanitythe eloquence that gushes from her pen or from her tongue. These things are too well known to require repetition. And do you ask for fortitude of mind, energy, and perseverance? Then look at woman under suffering, reverse of fortune, and affliction, when the strength and power of man has sunk to the lowest ebb, when his mind is overwhelmed by the dark waters of despair. She, like the tender plant, bent but not broken by the storms of life, now only upholds her own hopeful courage, but, like the tender shoots of the ivy, clings around the tempest-fallen oak, to bind up the wounds, peak hope to his faltering spirit, and shelter him from the returning blast of the storm.(Ernestine Rose, An Address on Womens Rights, 1851) This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns; where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection, and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen.(Jonathan Swift,  A Modest Proposal) Explanations of Confirmation Cicero on ConfirmationThe confirmation is that part of a narration that, by marshaling arguments, lends force, authority, and support to our case. . . .All argumentation is to be carried on either by analogy or by the enthymeme. Analogy is a form of argument that moves from assent on certain undisputed facts through approval of a doubtful proposition due to the resemblance between what is granted and what is doubtful. This style of argument is threefold: the first part consists of one or more similar instances, the second part is the point we wish to have conceded, and the third is the conclusion that reinforces the concessions or shows the consequences of the argument.Enthymematic reasoning is a form of argument that draws a probable conclusion from the facts under consideration.(Cicero, De Inventione)Aphthonius on Confirmation in the ProgymnasmataConfirmation is showing proof for any matter at hand. But one must confirm neither those things clearly manifest nor those utterly imposs ible, but those that hold an intermediate position. And it is necessary for those engaged in confirmation to treat it in a manner that is exactly the opposite of refutation. First, one must speak of the good reputation of the proponent; then, in turn, to make the exposition and to make use of the opposite headings: the clear instead of the unclear, the probable for the improbable, the possible in place of the impossible, the logical instead of the illogical, the suitable for the unsuitable, and the expedient in place of the inexpedient.This exercise encompasses all the power of the art.(Aphthonius of Antioch, Progymnasmata, late fourth century. Readings from Classical Rhetoric, ed. by Patricia P. Matsen, Philip B. Rollinson, and Marion Sousa. Southern Illinois University Press, 1990)

The Last Stand

In his book, The Last Stand, David Harris vividly documents the events leading up to, and directly following, the hostile takeover of Pacific Lumber. Harris presents the heartrending story of a logging company whose noble ideals were corrupted by the sudden influx of greed. Prior to Charles Hurwitzs company Maxxam gaining control, Pacific Lumber viewed the principles of selective cut and sustainable yield as practically sacred. Afterwards the company reversed these policies that had become almost synonymous with its name, solely for the purpose of maximizing profit. While some might argue that the reversal of these policies, and the transition to modern forestry was inevitable, this viewpoint is extremely fallible. The basic principles of selective cut and sustainable yield are in utter opposition to everything that the logging industry has come to represent over the course of the last century. PL was a different kind of logging company. Selective cutting, a policy first set forth by Albert Stanwood Murphy, meant PL cut a maximum of 70 percent of the mature trees in a stand (Harris, page 16). PLs practice was such a drastic change from the industry standard of leaving hillsides completely barren that, it was often difficult for the untrained observer to realize... that the companys selectively cut acreage had even been touched (pages, 16-17). Sustainable yield, another Albert Murphy implementation, also represented a striking difference between how PL and the rest of the industry did business. While many companies would routinely cut all of their timber and promptly go out of business, PLs annual cut would always be limited and never exceed its timberlands new growth (page ! 17). This way, year after year PLs gross amount of board feet would never decline. PL could continue this mode of production indefinitely....

Learning Centers in Elementary Education Research Paper

Learning Centers in Elementary Education - Research Paper Example Making my students work independently is a process where I will try to cultivate a culture with the help of the strategies I propose below. Firstly, I will not follow the traditional teacher’s practice of instinctively helping students most of the time, a habit which will most likely develop a tendency to depend too much on the teacher. Unless I refrain from it on a daily basis, the students will get the message that I will interfere whenever there is a problem. For instance, I will give the students academic choice that has been suggested in education research as a way to cultivate motivated learners (Gottfried, 1985). For instance, I will encourage them to find answers to questions that they raise. This will equip the students with tools to solve any difficulty that might arise while they are working at the learning centers. Choice, however, has to be balanced with control to some extent (Boud, 1988). Control, in my opinion, is not direct but exercised indirectly to facilitate independence. To illustrate, reorganising classroom space is one way to reduce dependency on teacher. If students know where to look for supplies, for instance, they will not have to interrupt the teacher. This is a strategy to reduce potential problems that usually make students seek teacher’s help. Structured learning also helps as it has features of control and choice. I will set up well-structured learning activities as learning centers tasks and ask them to make choices within that framework. I consider such frameworks as providing scope for independent work within boundaries that the need for teacher’s support becomes least likely. This includes providing all the materials needed on the learning activity and clear rules and expectations of behavior (Reeve & Jang, 2006). One way to teach the behavioral expectations is to do role-plays. I will also check understanding by asking questions to them

Marketing Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Across Cultures - Essay Example With this manipulation of elements, a firm can achieve its objectives in the market that it targets. The elements of the marketing mix are â€Å"product, price, promotion, and place, also referred to as the four Ps† (Bennet, pp. 44, 2009). The firm does not manipulate all of these elements to a significant degree every time it is marketing across cultures. However, the selections of elements, which require manipulation, are only possible in the light of the characteristics of the culture. For this reason, examples, such as the ones stated below, can help to elaborate this fact. The management of the marketing effort is also highly affected by the differences in the cultures of the firm's different target markets. The four functions of the marketing management are analysis, planning, function, and control (Maister, pp. 133, 1997). The degree of importance which management gives to each function is dependent on the characteristics of the market that the firm targets. For example , the characteristics of a market existing in one culture may emphasize the importance of planning above all the other functions, while a market in another culture may necessitate the control function to be the one the firm invests in the most. Again, the true effect of the culture on the marketing management can only be understood through in-depth analysis and examples. According to a case study, which studied international marketing by shedding light on Ikea’s operations in Shanghai, they learned that â€Å"the company must think globally and act locally in hope of building long-term customer relationships and capturing customer value. In marketing decisions, culture does not hold an ultimate status but still calls for due attention as much as other factors, such as the marketing environment and the company’s strategic plan† (Pan, pp. iii, 2005). This is an example of such a case, were marketing across several different cultures has led to a difference in the marketing elements employed, and will thus be useful in understanding the phenomenon.  Similarly, one can deduce that the strategic management that a multinational company does is on a global scale, following the rules it abides by in any part of the world. Whereas the local marketing strategies are designed locally, depending on the target market and culture of the country of operation (Doole and Lowe, pp. 218-225, 2008). Product: One of the elements in the marketing mix, which is majorly affected by the culture to which it is being employed in, is the product itself.